Geography · Textbook solutions

Geography: Nature and Scope

Every textbook question in book order, plus the board's past questions. · 21 questions

Chapter activities

6 q

Let's recall / Try this / Can you tell?

Practice · 6

Act p00 T8.1 $Recall the various geographical concepts you have learnt so far and classify them under the categories given below. One in each category has been done for you as an example. Table 8.1 Related to Lithosphere Related to Hydrosphere Related to Atmosphere Related to Biosphere Related to man and his activities Other Concepts Mountain Oceans Climate Vegetation Agriculture Maps$
Act p01 CYT $Make a list of the skills that are obtained through the study of Geography. Some are given here as a hint (fig. 8.1, Skills of a Geographer).$
Discuss the following points with reference to their importance in the subject matter of Geography :
Act p02 CYT(1) $Environment Vs. Man$
Act p02 CYT(2) $Complete study of India Vs. Study of only agriculture in India$

Related to Lithosphere	Related to Hydrosphere	Related to Atmosphere	Related to Biosphere	Related to man and his activities	Other Concepts
Mountain	Oceans	Climate	Vegetation	Agriculture	Maps

Act p03 T8.2

Given here are some of the concepts or subject matter studied in Geography. Write the name of the subject or discipline you think each is also studied in. One has been done for you as an example. Table 8.2 Concepts Subject in which the concept is also studied Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections ......... Means of livelihood : agriculture, industry, trade, etc. Economics Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc. ......... Social relations and inequalities ......... Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc. ......... Rocks and minerals ......... Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography ......... Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments ......... Biomes, food chain, forests, etc. ......... Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc. ......... Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc. ......... Past of different places, their development before attaining the present day status, etc. .........

Act p05 Fig8.5 $A newspaper item listing job opportunities is given below (fig. 8.5, Sample Advertisement). Go through all the entries and say which ones are suitable for a geographer as a career. 1. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) - Class-1 Officer 2020 (Notice for Interviews), National Atlas of Thematic Mapping organisation of India, Deputy Director General (Map). Vacant Seats: 2 (1 for UR, 1 Reserved). Educational Qualifications: M.A./M.Sc. Geography, Cartographer, Masters in Urban Planning. Experience: Minimum 5 years. 2. Mumbai Mahanagar Palika, Department of Urban Planning, Mumbai. Post: Urban planner, Class-1 (open). Place of work: Mumbai. Qualification: MA Geography / M.Arch. / M.Planning. Experience: 5 years in urban planning or similar work. 3. Assistant professor. Subjects: Geology, Geography, History, Rural Development. Posts: 4 (2 UR, 2 Reserved). Educational Qualifications: Graduation and Post Graduation in the subjects mentioned above, NET/SET compulsory. Desirable: M.Phil. / PhD. 4. UN internship - Required consultant to support UNCT Gender Equality Marker implementation. Location: New York. Language: English and French. Starting date: 16th Mar 2021. Initial Contract Period: 10 months. Educational Qualifications: Masters Degree in Development Studies / Gender Studies / Social Sciences. 5. UPSC Engineering Services Examination (Exam notice 2021) (IES). Eligibility: Any Engineering graduate. Total Posts: 495. 6. Bank PO exam. Eligibility: Any graduate. Total Posts: 50. 7. UPSC Combined Defence Services (CDS). Eligibility: Any graduate. Total Posts: 123.$

Concepts	Subject in which the concept is also studied
Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections	.........
Means of livelihood : agriculture, industry, trade, etc.	Economics
Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc.	.........
Social relations and inequalities	.........
Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc.	.........
Rocks and minerals	.........
Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography	.........
Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments	.........
Biomes, food chain, forests, etc.	.........
Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc.	.........
Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc.	.........
Past of different places, their development before attaining the present day status, etc.	.........

Exercise

15 q

Ex Q1 $Identify the correct group, that is the group in which all four members belong to the same category.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Give geographical reasons :
Ex Q2(1) $Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.$
Ex Q2(2) $Geography is dynamic in nature.$
Ex Q2(3) $Geography is dualistic in nature.$
Write short notes on :
Ex Q3(1) $Physical Geography is related to various branches of Science.$
Ex Q3(2) $Branches of Geography$
Ex Q3(3) $Latest trends in Geography$
Ex Q3(4) $Skills required for studying geography.$
Answer in detail :
Ex Q4(1) $Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples.$
Ex Q4(2) $Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.$
Ex Q4(3) $Explain the nature of Geography in detail.$
Differentiate between :
Ex Q5(1) $Physical Geography and Human Geography.$
Ex Q5(2) $Possibilism and Determinism.$
Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram :
Ex Q6(1) $Relationship between Geography and other subjects.$
Ex Q6(2) $Skills required to study Geography.$

What the board has asked from this chapter

Questions per paper · 3 papers · 2024 to 2026

June 2026

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

S.No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Migration	(a) Meat Processing	(h) Cottage Industry
(2)	Urban problem	(b) Communication	(i) Milk processing
(3)	Pastoral based industries	(c) Pulp processing	(j) Transportation
(4)	Tertiary economic activity	(d) Increase in slums	(k) Climatology
(5)	Physical Geography	(e) Geomorphology	(l) Forced
		(f) Voluntary	(m) Crime

Q1(A)(5)

Physical Geography

Branches of Geography

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between Assertion and Reason. A : Assertion R : Reason
Q1(B)(5) $A : Only human factors are studied in geography. R : A Geographer requires various skills.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Do as directed :
Q1(C)(5) $Skills of a geographer - Identify incorrect factor - (a) Observation (b) Map making (c) Data Collection (d) Communication skills$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Physical geography and Human geography$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of geography.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

March 2026

6 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Making maps	(a) Delhi	(l) Niger
(2)	Administrative cities	(b) Pampas	(m) Small-Scale Industry
(3)	Grass-Land Region	(c) Observation	(n) Skills of Geographer
(4)	Toys	(d) Bangladesh	(o) New York
(5)	Population Explosion	(e) Paper Industry	(p) Argentina

Q1(A)(1)

Making maps

Nature of Geography as a Discipline

Answer the following questions as per given instructions :
Q1(C)(3) $Arrange the countries on the basis of their location from West to East - (a) France (b) India (c) Japan (d) U.S.A.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Write True or False :
Q1(D)(1) $Economic Geography is a branch of Human Geography.$
Branches of Geography
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(4) $Physical Geography and Human Geography$
Branches of Geography
Write notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of Geography$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Branches of Human Geography$
Branches of Geography

June 2025

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in coloumn 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Ice covered region	(a) Capital of the country	(l) Harmful farming
(2)	Administrative city	(b) Artificial satellite	(m) Sparsely populated
(3)	Shifting agriculture	(c) Use of manpower	(n) Communication
(4)	Cottage industry	(d) Polar region	(o) Weavers
(5)	Global Positioning System (GPS)	(e) Small size of farm	(p) Tokyo

Q1(A)(5)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Latest Trends and Careers in Geography

Do as directed :
Q1(D)(4) $Identify the correct group : (a) (i) Social Science (ii) Political Science (iii) Economics (iv) Demography (b) (i) Social Geography (ii) Political Geography (iii) Economic Geography (iv) Soil Geography (c) (i) Climatology (ii) Biology (iii) Geology (iv) Remote Sensing (d) (i) History (ii) Geomorphology (iii) Psychology (iv) Demography$
Branches of Geography
Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR) :
Q2(5) $The scope of geography is widening day-by-day.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Determinism and Possibilism$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Write short notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of Geography.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

March 2025

5 q

Identify the correct co-relation in the given statements and write : A : Assertion R : Reasoning
Q1(C)(5) $A : Physical or human factors are not static but highly dynamic. They change over time. R : The earth is dynamic. We find there are variations in its physical and cultural environments.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Identify the incorrect factor and write it :
Q1(D)(5) $Factors studied in physical geography (a) Atmospheric factors (b) Relief (c) Lakes (d) Transport$
Branches of Geography
Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR) :
Q2(6) $Nature of Geography is dualistic.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Possibilism and Determinism.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Draw neat, labelled diagrams ( Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Relationship of Geography with other subjects$
Scope of Geography and Its Links with Other Subjects

June 2024

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Consumer goods	(a) Physical geography	(h) Commercial area
(2)	Geography	(b) International	(i) Climatology
(3)	Migration	(c) Industrial area	(j) Pharmaceuticals
(4)	Formal region	(d) Distinct boundaries	(k) India to Australia
(5)	Urban land use	(e) Ready for direct consumption	(l) State
		(f) Current fallow	(m) Automobiles

Q1(A)(2)

Geography

Branches of Geography

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between the assertion and reason : (A : Assertion R : Reason)
Q1(B)(5) $A : Knowledge of computers is now an added skill that a geographer requires. R : Computer apps are not used in geography.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Identify and write the incorrect factor :
Q1(C)(5) $Scholars of geography : (A) Hecataeus (B) Ptolemy (C) Shakespeare (D) Strabo$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Distinguish between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Human geography and Physical geography.$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in geography.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography

March 2024

7 q

Complete the chain and rewrite in your answer paper :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Consumer goods	(e) Atlantic ocean	(m) Pharmaceutical product
(2)	Panama canal	(f) Fertile region	(n) Ecological balance
(3)	Plain	(g) Ready for direct consumption	(o) Development of Agriculture
(4)	Food chain	(h) Short term	(p) Pacific ocean
(5)	Migration	(i) Ecosystem	(r) Arabian sea
		(j) Indian ocean	(s) Long term

Q1(A)(4)

Food chain

Branches of Geography

Write True or False :
Q1(B)(5) $Nowadays mapping is mostly done using GIS softwares.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Choose the correct option and complete the sentences :
Q1(C)(5) $Which is an encylopaedia of geographer's knowledge consisting of 17 volumes :$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Identify incorrect factor :
Q1(D)(4) $Skills of geographers : (a) Data collection (b) Conservation of forest (c) Write reports and presents the findings (d) Map drawing$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Q1(D)(5) $Branches of physical geography : (a) Geology (b) Pedology (c) Climatology (d) Population geography$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in Geography.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Skills of a Geographer.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

The 10 board questions to practise first

The questions and kinds of question the board asked most often come first. Each one says how often and when.

Question 1
Asked 3 times: Jun 2024, Mar 2026, Jun 2026 See all 3 times it was asked
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Physical geography and Human geography$
Question 2
Asked 3 times: Jun 2025, Mar 2026, Jun 2026 See all 3 times it was asked
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of geography.$
Question 3
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024*, Jun 2026 (* = numbers or wording changed that year) See all 2 times it was asked
Do as directed :
Q1(C)(5) $Skills of a geographer - Identify incorrect factor - (a) Observation (b) Map making (c) Data Collection (d) Communication skills$
Question 4
Asked 2 times: Mar 2025, Jun 2025 See all 2 times it was asked
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Determinism and Possibilism$
Question 5
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024*, Mar 2025 (* = numbers or wording changed that year) See all 2 times it was asked
Identify the incorrect factor and write it :
Q1(D)(5) $Factors studied in physical geography (a) Atmospheric factors (b) Relief (c) Lakes (d) Transport$
Question 6
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024, Jun 2024 See all 2 times it was asked
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in geography.$
Question 7
Asked once: Jun 2026
Two statements are given, one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the options given below.
Q1(B)(5) $A : Only human factors are studied in geography. R : A Geographer requires various skills.$
Tap an option to check your answer.

Question 8 (case study, 5 parts)

Asked once: Mar 2026

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Making maps	(a) Delhi	(l) Niger
(2)	Administrative cities	(b) Pampas	(m) Small-Scale Industry
(3)	Grass-Land Region	(c) Observation	(n) Skills of Geographer
(4)	Toys	(d) Bangladesh	(o) New York
(5)	Population Explosion	(e) Paper Industry	(p) Argentina

Q1(A)(1)

Making maps

Q1(A)(2)

Administrative cities

Q1(A)(3)

Grass-Land Region

Q1(A)(4)

Toys

Q1(A)(5)

Population Explosion

Question 9
Asked once: Mar 2026
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Branches of Human Geography$
Question 10
Asked once: Mar 2026
Write True or False :
Q1(D)(1) $Economic Geography is a branch of Human Geography.$

Quick revision

7 most-asked questions · 11 key points · 8 derivations · 2 diagrams

Checked against Balbharati Geography Std XII (Maharashtra State Board), Chapter 8.

Most asked in board papers

1
Nature of Geography: dynamic, dualistic, study of physical and human factors
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
2
Physical and Human Geography: difference and what each studies
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
3
Latest trends in Geography: GPS, GIS, computers, widening scope
Asked 2 times: 2025, 2024
4
Branches of Geography and its relationship with other subjects (identify the group)
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
5
Skills of a geographer (making maps, data collection, reports)
Asked 2 times: 2026, 2024
6
Determinism and possibilism
Asked in 2025
7
Early scholars of Geography: Hecataeus, Ptolemy, Strabo
Asked in 2024

Must-know points

Geography: Geography is a study of the earth and phenomena related to it. Geographers study the distributions, patterns and variations of physical and cultural environments, and the cause and effect relationship behind them. Its subject matter divides into two themes: physical factors and human factors.
Physical Geography: Studies the lithosphere (landforms, drainage, relief, slope), atmosphere (composition, structure, weather and climate, winds, precipitation), hydrosphere (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers) and biosphere (life forms, ecosystem, food chain, ecological balance).
Human Geography: Studies the relationship between man and his environment, and the distribution of attributes related to humans, social and environmental phenomena around the world: settlements, transport networks, ports, markets.
Geography is dynamic: Physical and human phenomena are not static but highly dynamic; they change over time (weather over about 30 years decides climate). Geography is a study of space and time, so it is dynamic. A geographer answers: Where, When, What and Why.
Empirical and practical nature: The skills, methods and techniques of Geography make it empirical and practical. It is scientific, supported by experiments, data, observation, analysis and research findings, not just theory.
Dualism in Geography: The existence of two contrasting or separate approaches in Geography: does nature rule man or man rule nature? Study the regions in which a sector is spread, or the sectors in a region? This makes Geography dualistic.
Determinism and possibilism: Environmental determinism: nature is more dominant than man. Possibilism: man dominates nature.
Early scholars: Hecataeus (Greek): Ges-Periodus, the first systematic description of the world (before the end of the 6th century BC). Ptolemy: Geography, with an atlas. Strabo (Roman): Geographica, an encyclopaedia of geographical knowledge in 17 volumes.
Interdisciplinary nature: Almost every natural and social science is linked with Geography, and many branches have developed from mainstream disciplines. This makes Geography an integrating and interdisciplinary discipline.
Latest trends in Geography: IT and audio-visual media have enriched the database. Use of GPS and GIS is mandatory; mapping is now mostly done using GIS software, so knowledge of computers is an added skill. Apps, mathematical and computer models predict population, land use, urbanisation, weather, climate and sea-level change.
Geography and sustainable development: Geography is emerging as a discipline of evaluating and managing natural resources. Rapid resource use has caused ecological imbalance; the UN Sustainable Development Goals relate to Geography. It also offers careers: cartographer, GIS analyst, urban planner, demographer, climatologist.

Derivations

Try each one first, then open its outline.

Explain the nature of Geography in detail

A study of the earth and its phenomena: their distributions, patterns, variations and the cause and effect relationship behind them.
Studies space and time, so it is dynamic; answers Where, When, What and Why.
Empirical and practical: based on observation, data, analysis and research, not just theory.
Dualistic (determinism and possibilism; regions of a sector or sectors of a region) and interdisciplinary.

Give reasons: Geography is dynamic in nature

Physical and human phenomena are not static; they change over time (weather, population, landforms, age of the earth).
Geography studies both space and time, and new things keep being added to it, so it is dynamic.

Give reasons: Geography is dualistic in nature

Two contrasting approaches exist: does nature rule man (determinism) or man rule nature (possibilism)?
Study regions in which a sector is distributed, or sectors in a region? Such contrasts are dualism.

Differentiate between Physical Geography and Human Geography

Physical: studies natural factors of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere; branches such as geomorphology, climatology, oceanography, biogeography.
Human: studies man and his relationship with the environment; settlements, transport, markets; branches such as economic, social, political, population geography.

Differentiate between determinism and possibilism

Determinism: nature is more dominant than man; the environment decides human activities.
Possibilism: man dominates nature; human activities are not ruled by the environment.

Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects (Fig. 8.4)

Physical: Geology with Geomorphology, Meteorology with Climatology, Hydrology with Oceanography, Pedology with Geography of Soils.
Mathematics for cartography; statistical techniques and hypothesis testing for data analysis; Computer Science with GIS.
Human: Sociology, Political Science, Economics, History and Demography with Social, Political, Economic, Historical and Population Geography.

Latest trends in Geography (the scope of Geography is widening)

Cause and effect study now predicts the future through data collection and modelling, widening its scope.
IT, computers and software improve data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation; GPS and GIS are mandatory; mapping is done with GIS.
Models forecast population, land use, urbanisation, slums, weather, climate and sea-level change, pollution, soil erosion; new careers and start-ups open up.

Skills required for studying Geography

Observation; data collection using surveys, photographs and satellite images; data organisation and interpretation.
Data representation with graphs and maps; making maps; analysis with statistical techniques.
Land surveying with instruments and technology; writing reports and presenting findings; knowledge of computers.

Diagrams to practise

Skills of a geographer (Fig. 8.1): label observation; make maps · data collection: surveys, photographs, satellite images · data organisation and data interpretation · data representation with graphs and maps · analysis with statistical techniques; land surveying · write reports and present the findings
Relationship of Geography with other subjects (Fig. 8.4): label GEOGRAPHY at the centre: Physical and Human Geography · Geology: Geomorphology; Meteorology: Climatology · Pedology: Geography of Soils; Biology: Biogeography · Economics: Economic Geography; History: Historical · Demography: Population; Sociology: Social Geography · Computer Science: GIS; Mathematics: Cartography

Mistakes that cost marks

Saying Geography studies only human factors

Geography studies both physical and human factors and their interaction. A statement like "Only human factors are studied in geography" is wrong.

Putting a branch under the wrong half

Population, economic, political, social and historical geography are branches of Human Geography. Geology, pedology and climatology go with Physical Geography; transport is a human factor, not a physical one.

Swapping determinism and possibilism

Determinism: nature dominates man. Possibilism: man dominates nature.

Mixing up the scholars and their books

Hecataeus wrote Ges-Periodus; Ptolemy Geography (with an atlas); Strabo Geographica, the encyclopaedia of 17 volumes. Shakespeare is not a geographer.

Listing a non-skill as a geographer's skill

Skills are observation, data collection, mapping, analysis, surveying and reporting. Conservation of forest is not one. Computer knowledge is now an added skill, and apps are used in Geography.

Ebooks Tutor

Geography · Textbook solutions

Geography: Nature and Scope

Every textbook question in book order, plus the board's past questions. · 21 questions

Chapter activities

6 q

Let's recall / Try this / Can you tell?

Practice · 6

Act p00 T8.1 $Recall the various geographical concepts you have learnt so far and classify them under the categories given below. One in each category has been done for you as an example. Table 8.1 Related to Lithosphere Related to Hydrosphere Related to Atmosphere Related to Biosphere Related to man and his activities Other Concepts Mountain Oceans Climate Vegetation Agriculture Maps$
Act p01 CYT $Make a list of the skills that are obtained through the study of Geography. Some are given here as a hint (fig. 8.1, Skills of a Geographer).$
Discuss the following points with reference to their importance in the subject matter of Geography :
Act p02 CYT(1) $Environment Vs. Man$
Act p02 CYT(2) $Complete study of India Vs. Study of only agriculture in India$

Related to Lithosphere	Related to Hydrosphere	Related to Atmosphere	Related to Biosphere	Related to man and his activities	Other Concepts
Mountain	Oceans	Climate	Vegetation	Agriculture	Maps

Act p03 T8.2

Given here are some of the concepts or subject matter studied in Geography. Write the name of the subject or discipline you think each is also studied in. One has been done for you as an example. Table 8.2 Concepts Subject in which the concept is also studied Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections ......... Means of livelihood : agriculture, industry, trade, etc. Economics Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc. ......... Social relations and inequalities ......... Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc. ......... Rocks and minerals ......... Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography ......... Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments ......... Biomes, food chain, forests, etc. ......... Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc. ......... Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc. ......... Past of different places, their development before attaining the present day status, etc. .........

Act p05 Fig8.5 $A newspaper item listing job opportunities is given below (fig. 8.5, Sample Advertisement). Go through all the entries and say which ones are suitable for a geographer as a career. 1. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) - Class-1 Officer 2020 (Notice for Interviews), National Atlas of Thematic Mapping organisation of India, Deputy Director General (Map). Vacant Seats: 2 (1 for UR, 1 Reserved). Educational Qualifications: M.A./M.Sc. Geography, Cartographer, Masters in Urban Planning. Experience: Minimum 5 years. 2. Mumbai Mahanagar Palika, Department of Urban Planning, Mumbai. Post: Urban planner, Class-1 (open). Place of work: Mumbai. Qualification: MA Geography / M.Arch. / M.Planning. Experience: 5 years in urban planning or similar work. 3. Assistant professor. Subjects: Geology, Geography, History, Rural Development. Posts: 4 (2 UR, 2 Reserved). Educational Qualifications: Graduation and Post Graduation in the subjects mentioned above, NET/SET compulsory. Desirable: M.Phil. / PhD. 4. UN internship - Required consultant to support UNCT Gender Equality Marker implementation. Location: New York. Language: English and French. Starting date: 16th Mar 2021. Initial Contract Period: 10 months. Educational Qualifications: Masters Degree in Development Studies / Gender Studies / Social Sciences. 5. UPSC Engineering Services Examination (Exam notice 2021) (IES). Eligibility: Any Engineering graduate. Total Posts: 495. 6. Bank PO exam. Eligibility: Any graduate. Total Posts: 50. 7. UPSC Combined Defence Services (CDS). Eligibility: Any graduate. Total Posts: 123.$

Concepts	Subject in which the concept is also studied
Calculations involved in projections, shapes of projections	.........
Means of livelihood : agriculture, industry, trade, etc.	Economics
Cost of production, GDP, incomes, resources, scarcity, etc.	.........
Social relations and inequalities	.........
Racial structure of humans, evolution of humans, etc.	.........
Rocks and minerals	.........
Behaviour of humans in different climates and topography	.........
Electoral divisions, voting patterns, types of governments	.........
Biomes, food chain, forests, etc.	.........
Chemical weathering, erosion, acid rain, etc.	.........
Mean, variance, correlation, regression, etc.	.........
Past of different places, their development before attaining the present day status, etc.	.........

Exercise

15 q

Ex Q1 $Identify the correct group, that is the group in which all four members belong to the same category.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Give geographical reasons :
Ex Q2(1) $Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.$
Ex Q2(2) $Geography is dynamic in nature.$
Ex Q2(3) $Geography is dualistic in nature.$
Write short notes on :
Ex Q3(1) $Physical Geography is related to various branches of Science.$
Ex Q3(2) $Branches of Geography$
Ex Q3(3) $Latest trends in Geography$
Ex Q3(4) $Skills required for studying geography.$
Answer in detail :
Ex Q4(1) $Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples.$
Ex Q4(2) $Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.$
Ex Q4(3) $Explain the nature of Geography in detail.$
Differentiate between :
Ex Q5(1) $Physical Geography and Human Geography.$
Ex Q5(2) $Possibilism and Determinism.$
Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram :
Ex Q6(1) $Relationship between Geography and other subjects.$
Ex Q6(2) $Skills required to study Geography.$

What the board has asked from this chapter

Questions per paper · 3 papers · 2024 to 2026

June 2026

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

S.No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Migration	(a) Meat Processing	(h) Cottage Industry
(2)	Urban problem	(b) Communication	(i) Milk processing
(3)	Pastoral based industries	(c) Pulp processing	(j) Transportation
(4)	Tertiary economic activity	(d) Increase in slums	(k) Climatology
(5)	Physical Geography	(e) Geomorphology	(l) Forced
		(f) Voluntary	(m) Crime

Q1(A)(5)

Physical Geography

Branches of Geography

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between Assertion and Reason. A : Assertion R : Reason
Q1(B)(5) $A : Only human factors are studied in geography. R : A Geographer requires various skills.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Do as directed :
Q1(C)(5) $Skills of a geographer - Identify incorrect factor - (a) Observation (b) Map making (c) Data Collection (d) Communication skills$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Physical geography and Human geography$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of geography.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

March 2026

6 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Making maps	(a) Delhi	(l) Niger
(2)	Administrative cities	(b) Pampas	(m) Small-Scale Industry
(3)	Grass-Land Region	(c) Observation	(n) Skills of Geographer
(4)	Toys	(d) Bangladesh	(o) New York
(5)	Population Explosion	(e) Paper Industry	(p) Argentina

Q1(A)(1)

Making maps

Nature of Geography as a Discipline

Answer the following questions as per given instructions :
Q1(C)(3) $Arrange the countries on the basis of their location from West to East - (a) France (b) India (c) Japan (d) U.S.A.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Write True or False :
Q1(D)(1) $Economic Geography is a branch of Human Geography.$
Branches of Geography
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(4) $Physical Geography and Human Geography$
Branches of Geography
Write notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of Geography$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Branches of Human Geography$
Branches of Geography

June 2025

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in coloumn 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Ice covered region	(a) Capital of the country	(l) Harmful farming
(2)	Administrative city	(b) Artificial satellite	(m) Sparsely populated
(3)	Shifting agriculture	(c) Use of manpower	(n) Communication
(4)	Cottage industry	(d) Polar region	(o) Weavers
(5)	Global Positioning System (GPS)	(e) Small size of farm	(p) Tokyo

Q1(A)(5)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Latest Trends and Careers in Geography

Do as directed :
Q1(D)(4) $Identify the correct group : (a) (i) Social Science (ii) Political Science (iii) Economics (iv) Demography (b) (i) Social Geography (ii) Political Geography (iii) Economic Geography (iv) Soil Geography (c) (i) Climatology (ii) Biology (iii) Geology (iv) Remote Sensing (d) (i) History (ii) Geomorphology (iii) Psychology (iv) Demography$
Branches of Geography
Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR) :
Q2(5) $The scope of geography is widening day-by-day.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Determinism and Possibilism$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Write short notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of Geography.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

March 2025

5 q

Identify the correct co-relation in the given statements and write : A : Assertion R : Reasoning
Q1(C)(5) $A : Physical or human factors are not static but highly dynamic. They change over time. R : The earth is dynamic. We find there are variations in its physical and cultural environments.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Identify the incorrect factor and write it :
Q1(D)(5) $Factors studied in physical geography (a) Atmospheric factors (b) Relief (c) Lakes (d) Transport$
Branches of Geography
Give geographical reasons (Any FOUR) :
Q2(6) $Nature of Geography is dualistic.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Possibilism and Determinism.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Draw neat, labelled diagrams ( Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Relationship of Geography with other subjects$
Scope of Geography and Its Links with Other Subjects

June 2024

5 q

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Consumer goods	(a) Physical geography	(h) Commercial area
(2)	Geography	(b) International	(i) Climatology
(3)	Migration	(c) Industrial area	(j) Pharmaceuticals
(4)	Formal region	(d) Distinct boundaries	(k) India to Australia
(5)	Urban land use	(e) Ready for direct consumption	(l) State
		(f) Current fallow	(m) Automobiles

Q1(A)(2)

Geography

Branches of Geography

Choose the correct option by identifying the correct co-relation between the assertion and reason : (A : Assertion R : Reason)
Q1(B)(5) $A : Knowledge of computers is now an added skill that a geographer requires. R : Computer apps are not used in geography.$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Identify and write the incorrect factor :
Q1(C)(5) $Scholars of geography : (A) Hecataeus (B) Ptolemy (C) Shakespeare (D) Strabo$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Distinguish between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Human geography and Physical geography.$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in geography.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography

March 2024

7 q

Complete the chain and rewrite in your answer paper :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Consumer goods	(e) Atlantic ocean	(m) Pharmaceutical product
(2)	Panama canal	(f) Fertile region	(n) Ecological balance
(3)	Plain	(g) Ready for direct consumption	(o) Development of Agriculture
(4)	Food chain	(h) Short term	(p) Pacific ocean
(5)	Migration	(i) Ecosystem	(r) Arabian sea
		(j) Indian ocean	(s) Long term

Q1(A)(4)

Food chain

Branches of Geography

Write True or False :
Q1(B)(5) $Nowadays mapping is mostly done using GIS softwares.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Choose the correct option and complete the sentences :
Q1(C)(5) $Which is an encylopaedia of geographer's knowledge consisting of 17 volumes :$
Tap an option to check your answer.
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Identify incorrect factor :
Q1(D)(4) $Skills of geographers : (a) Data collection (b) Conservation of forest (c) Write reports and presents the findings (d) Map drawing$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline
Q1(D)(5) $Branches of physical geography : (a) Geology (b) Pedology (c) Climatology (d) Population geography$
Branches of Geography
Write short notes on the following (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in Geography.$
Latest Trends and Careers in Geography
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Skills of a Geographer.$
Nature of Geography as a Discipline

The 10 board questions to practise first

The questions and kinds of question the board asked most often come first. Each one says how often and when.

Question 1
Asked 3 times: Jun 2024, Mar 2026, Jun 2026 See all 3 times it was asked
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Physical geography and Human geography$
Question 2
Asked 3 times: Jun 2025, Mar 2026, Jun 2026 See all 3 times it was asked
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Nature of geography.$
Question 3
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024*, Jun 2026 (* = numbers or wording changed that year) See all 2 times it was asked
Do as directed :
Q1(C)(5) $Skills of a geographer - Identify incorrect factor - (a) Observation (b) Map making (c) Data Collection (d) Communication skills$
Question 4
Asked 2 times: Mar 2025, Jun 2025 See all 2 times it was asked
Differentiate between (Any THREE) :
Q3(5) $Determinism and Possibilism$
Question 5
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024*, Mar 2025 (* = numbers or wording changed that year) See all 2 times it was asked
Identify the incorrect factor and write it :
Q1(D)(5) $Factors studied in physical geography (a) Atmospheric factors (b) Relief (c) Lakes (d) Transport$
Question 6
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024, Jun 2024 See all 2 times it was asked
Write short notes on (Any THREE) :
Q5(5) $Latest trends in geography.$
Question 7
Asked once: Jun 2026
Two statements are given, one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the options given below.
Q1(B)(5) $A : Only human factors are studied in geography. R : A Geographer requires various skills.$
Tap an option to check your answer.

Question 8 (case study, 5 parts)

Asked once: Mar 2026

Complete the chain according to the co-relation of factors in column 'A', 'B' and 'C' :

No.	'A'	'B'	'C'
(1)	Making maps	(a) Delhi	(l) Niger
(2)	Administrative cities	(b) Pampas	(m) Small-Scale Industry
(3)	Grass-Land Region	(c) Observation	(n) Skills of Geographer
(4)	Toys	(d) Bangladesh	(o) New York
(5)	Population Explosion	(e) Paper Industry	(p) Argentina

Q1(A)(1)

Making maps

Q1(A)(2)

Administrative cities

Q1(A)(3)

Grass-Land Region

Q1(A)(4)

Toys

Q1(A)(5)

Population Explosion

Question 9
Asked once: Mar 2026
Draw neat, labelled diagrams (Any TWO) :
Q6(B)(3) $Branches of Human Geography$
Question 10
Asked once: Mar 2026
Write True or False :
Q1(D)(1) $Economic Geography is a branch of Human Geography.$

Quick revision

7 most-asked questions · 11 key points · 8 derivations · 2 diagrams

Checked against Balbharati Geography Std XII (Maharashtra State Board), Chapter 8.

Most asked in board papers

1
Nature of Geography: dynamic, dualistic, study of physical and human factors
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
2
Physical and Human Geography: difference and what each studies
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
3
Latest trends in Geography: GPS, GIS, computers, widening scope
Asked 2 times: 2025, 2024
4
Branches of Geography and its relationship with other subjects (identify the group)
Asked 3 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
5
Skills of a geographer (making maps, data collection, reports)
Asked 2 times: 2026, 2024
6
Determinism and possibilism
Asked in 2025
7
Early scholars of Geography: Hecataeus, Ptolemy, Strabo
Asked in 2024

Must-know points

Geography: Geography is a study of the earth and phenomena related to it. Geographers study the distributions, patterns and variations of physical and cultural environments, and the cause and effect relationship behind them. Its subject matter divides into two themes: physical factors and human factors.
Physical Geography: Studies the lithosphere (landforms, drainage, relief, slope), atmosphere (composition, structure, weather and climate, winds, precipitation), hydrosphere (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers) and biosphere (life forms, ecosystem, food chain, ecological balance).
Human Geography: Studies the relationship between man and his environment, and the distribution of attributes related to humans, social and environmental phenomena around the world: settlements, transport networks, ports, markets.
Geography is dynamic: Physical and human phenomena are not static but highly dynamic; they change over time (weather over about 30 years decides climate). Geography is a study of space and time, so it is dynamic. A geographer answers: Where, When, What and Why.
Empirical and practical nature: The skills, methods and techniques of Geography make it empirical and practical. It is scientific, supported by experiments, data, observation, analysis and research findings, not just theory.
Dualism in Geography: The existence of two contrasting or separate approaches in Geography: does nature rule man or man rule nature? Study the regions in which a sector is spread, or the sectors in a region? This makes Geography dualistic.
Determinism and possibilism: Environmental determinism: nature is more dominant than man. Possibilism: man dominates nature.
Early scholars: Hecataeus (Greek): Ges-Periodus, the first systematic description of the world (before the end of the 6th century BC). Ptolemy: Geography, with an atlas. Strabo (Roman): Geographica, an encyclopaedia of geographical knowledge in 17 volumes.
Interdisciplinary nature: Almost every natural and social science is linked with Geography, and many branches have developed from mainstream disciplines. This makes Geography an integrating and interdisciplinary discipline.
Latest trends in Geography: IT and audio-visual media have enriched the database. Use of GPS and GIS is mandatory; mapping is now mostly done using GIS software, so knowledge of computers is an added skill. Apps, mathematical and computer models predict population, land use, urbanisation, weather, climate and sea-level change.
Geography and sustainable development: Geography is emerging as a discipline of evaluating and managing natural resources. Rapid resource use has caused ecological imbalance; the UN Sustainable Development Goals relate to Geography. It also offers careers: cartographer, GIS analyst, urban planner, demographer, climatologist.

Derivations

Try each one first, then open its outline.

Explain the nature of Geography in detail

A study of the earth and its phenomena: their distributions, patterns, variations and the cause and effect relationship behind them.
Studies space and time, so it is dynamic; answers Where, When, What and Why.
Empirical and practical: based on observation, data, analysis and research, not just theory.
Dualistic (determinism and possibilism; regions of a sector or sectors of a region) and interdisciplinary.

Give reasons: Geography is dynamic in nature

Physical and human phenomena are not static; they change over time (weather, population, landforms, age of the earth).
Geography studies both space and time, and new things keep being added to it, so it is dynamic.

Give reasons: Geography is dualistic in nature

Two contrasting approaches exist: does nature rule man (determinism) or man rule nature (possibilism)?
Study regions in which a sector is distributed, or sectors in a region? Such contrasts are dualism.

Differentiate between Physical Geography and Human Geography

Physical: studies natural factors of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere; branches such as geomorphology, climatology, oceanography, biogeography.
Human: studies man and his relationship with the environment; settlements, transport, markets; branches such as economic, social, political, population geography.

Differentiate between determinism and possibilism

Determinism: nature is more dominant than man; the environment decides human activities.
Possibilism: man dominates nature; human activities are not ruled by the environment.

Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects (Fig. 8.4)

Physical: Geology with Geomorphology, Meteorology with Climatology, Hydrology with Oceanography, Pedology with Geography of Soils.
Mathematics for cartography; statistical techniques and hypothesis testing for data analysis; Computer Science with GIS.
Human: Sociology, Political Science, Economics, History and Demography with Social, Political, Economic, Historical and Population Geography.

Latest trends in Geography (the scope of Geography is widening)

Cause and effect study now predicts the future through data collection and modelling, widening its scope.
IT, computers and software improve data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation; GPS and GIS are mandatory; mapping is done with GIS.
Models forecast population, land use, urbanisation, slums, weather, climate and sea-level change, pollution, soil erosion; new careers and start-ups open up.

Skills required for studying Geography

Observation; data collection using surveys, photographs and satellite images; data organisation and interpretation.
Data representation with graphs and maps; making maps; analysis with statistical techniques.
Land surveying with instruments and technology; writing reports and presenting findings; knowledge of computers.

Diagrams to practise

Skills of a geographer (Fig. 8.1): label observation; make maps · data collection: surveys, photographs, satellite images · data organisation and data interpretation · data representation with graphs and maps · analysis with statistical techniques; land surveying · write reports and present the findings
Relationship of Geography with other subjects (Fig. 8.4): label GEOGRAPHY at the centre: Physical and Human Geography · Geology: Geomorphology; Meteorology: Climatology · Pedology: Geography of Soils; Biology: Biogeography · Economics: Economic Geography; History: Historical · Demography: Population; Sociology: Social Geography · Computer Science: GIS; Mathematics: Cartography

Mistakes that cost marks

Saying Geography studies only human factors

Geography studies both physical and human factors and their interaction. A statement like "Only human factors are studied in geography" is wrong.

Putting a branch under the wrong half

Swapping determinism and possibilism

Determinism: nature dominates man. Possibilism: man dominates nature.

Mixing up the scholars and their books

Hecataeus wrote Ges-Periodus; Ptolemy Geography (with an atlas); Strabo Geographica, the encyclopaedia of 17 volumes. Shakespeare is not a geographer.

Listing a non-skill as a geographer's skill

Skills are observation, data collection, mapping, analysis, surveying and reporting. Conservation of forest is not one. Computer knowledge is now an added skill, and apps are used in Geography.

Chapter activities

Let's recall / Try this / Can you tell?

Exercise

What the board has asked from this chapter

June 2026

March 2026

June 2025

March 2025

June 2024

March 2024

The 10 board questions to practise first

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8 (case study, 5 parts)

Question 9

Question 10

Most asked in board papers

Must-know points

Derivations

Diagrams to practise

Mistakes that cost marks

Chapter activities

Let's recall / Try this / Can you tell?

Exercise

What the board has asked from this chapter

June 2026

March 2026

June 2025

March 2025

June 2024

March 2024

The 10 board questions to practise first

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8 (case study, 5 parts)

Question 9

Question 10

Most asked in board papers

Must-know points

Derivations

Diagrams to practise

Mistakes that cost marks