Science and Technology II · Textbook solutions
Introduction to Microbiology
Every solved example, exercise, and miscellaneous question, in the order the textbook teaches them. Plus every board question asked from this chapter. · 24 questions
Exercise
24 q
- Rewrite the following statements using correct of the options and explain the completed statements. (gluconic acid, coagulation, amino acid, acetic acid, clostridium, lactobacilli)Ex Q1(a)Process of -- -- -- -- of milk proteins occurs due to lactic acid.
- Ex Q1(b)Harmful bacteria in like -- -- -- in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics.
- Ex Q1(c)Chemically, vinegar is -- -- --.
- Ex Q1(d)Salts which can be used as supplement of calcium and iron are obtained from -------- acid.
- Ex Q2Match the pairs.
'A' group 'B' group a. Xylitol 1. Pigment b. Citric acid 2. To impart sweetness c. Lycopene 3. Microbial restrictor d. Nycin 4. Protein binding emulsifier 5. To impart acidity - Answer the following.Ex Q3(a)Which fuels can be obtained by microbial processes? Why is it necessary to increase the use of such fuels?
- Ex Q3(b)How can the oil spills of rivers and oceans be cleaned?
- Ex Q3(c)How can the soil polluted by acid rain be made fertile again?
- Ex Q3(d)Explain the importance of bio-pesticides in organic farming.
- Ex Q3(e)Which are the reasons for increasing the popularity of probiotic products?
- Ex Q3(f)How the bread and other products produced using baker's yeast are nutritious?
- Ex Q3(g)Which precautions are necessary for proper decomposition of domestic waste?
- Ex Q3(h)Why is it necessary to ban the use of plastic bags?
- Ex Q4Complete the following conceptual picture. A central box labelled Sewage after processing is joined by a short line to each of four boxes arranged above, to the left, to the right and below it. Only the box above carries printed text; the other three are left blank for the student to fill in:
Position of box Printed inside the box Above Cleaning Left (blank) Right (blank) Below (blank) - Give scientific reasons.Ex Q5(a)Use of mutant strains has been increased in industrial microbiology.
- Ex Q5(b)Enzymes obtained by microbial process are mixed with detergents.
- Ex Q5(c)Microbial enzymes are used instead of chemical catalysts in chemical industry.
- Ex Q6Complete the following conceptual picture with respect to uses. A central box labelled Xanthan gum is joined by short lines to six boxes - three in a row above it and three in a row below it. All six are left blank for the student to fill in:
Position of box Printed inside the box Above left (blank) Above centre (blank) Above right (blank) Below left (blank) Below centre (blank) Below right (blank) - Ex Q7Complete the following conceptual picture related to environmental management. A central box labelled Microbes is joined by short lines to six boxes - three in a row above it and three in a row below it. Only the box above the centre carries printed text; the other five are left blank for the student to fill in:
Position of box Printed inside the box Above left (blank) Above centre Oil spill Above right (blank) Below left (blank) Below centre (blank) Below right (blank) - Answer the following.Ex Q8(a)What is role of microbes in compost production?
- Ex Q8(b)What are the benefits of mixing ethanol with petrol and diesel?
- Ex Q8(c)Which plants are cultivated to obtain the fuel?
- Ex Q8(d)Which fuels are obtained from biomass?
- Ex Q8(e)How does the bread become spongy?
What the board has asked from this chapter
Questions per paper · 9 papers · 2019 to 2026
2019: 2 questions per paper. 2020: 4 questions per paper. 2022: 3 questions per paper. 2024: 3 questions per paper. 2025: 2 questions per paper. 2026: 4 questions per paper
June 2026
4 q
- Q1(A)(iii)प्रोबायोटिक्स खाद्यांमुळे आतड्यातील ____ सारख्या उपद्रवी जीवाणूंचा नाश होतो.Harmful bacteria like ____________ in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics.
Tap an option to check your answer.
Useful Microorganisms - Q2(A)(iii)शास्त्रीय कारणे लिहा : रसायन उद्योगात रासायनिक उत्प्रेरकाऐवजी सूक्ष्मजैविक विकरे वापरली जातात.Give scientific reason: Microbial enzymes are used instead of chemical catalysts in chemical industry.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- खालील आकृतीचे निरीक्षण करून विचारलेल्या प्रश्नांची उत्तरे लिहा :Observe the diagram given below and answer the questions.Q3(v)(a)आकृतीत कोणत्या प्रकारचे इंधन दर्शविले आहे ?Which fuel is shown in above diagram?Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(v)(b)स्थायू व द्रव इंधनांच्या प्रकारांची प्रत्येकी दोन उदाहरणे लिहा.Give two examples of each solid and liquid fuel.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
March 2026
4 q
- Q1(B)(iv)रेणुसूत्र लिहा : ॲसेटिक आम्ल.Write the molecular formula of acetic acid.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q2(A)(i)शास्त्रीय कारणे लिहा : प्रोबायोटीक्स उत्पादने लोकप्रिय होत आहेत.Give scientific reason: The popularity of probiotic products is increasing.Useful Microorganisms
- Q2(A)(iii)शास्त्रीय कारणे लिहा : आजचा शेतकरी मोठ्या प्रमाणावर सेंद्रिय शेतीकडे वळू लागला आहे.Give scientific reason: Nowadays farmers are opting for organic farming.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(vi)उपयोगाच्या अनुषंगाने पुढील संकल्पनाचित्र पूर्ण करा : झॅन्थॅन डिंकComplete the following conceptual picture with respect to the uses of Xanthan gum (fill the six boxes surrounding 'Xanthan gum').Industrial and Applied Microbiology
July 2025
3 q
- Q1(B)(v)योग्य जोडी जुळवा : गट ‘अ’ : झायलीटॉल गट ‘ब’ : (a) आम्लता देणे (b) गोडी देणे (c) रंगMatch the correct pair: Column A: Xylitol. Column B: (a) To impart acidity (b) To impart sweetness (c) Pigment.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q2(B)(ii)खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा :
अ.क्र. सहभागी सूक्ष्मजीव पेयाचे नांव 1. लॅक्टोबॅसीलस ब्रुईस कॉफी 2. कॅन्डीडा, हॅन्सेन्युला, पिचिया, सॅकरोमायसिस ____ 3. सॅकरोमायसिस सेरेव्हिसी वाईन 4. सॅकरोमायसिस सेरेव्हिसी ____ Complete the table:Sr. No. Microbe used Name of beverage 1. Lactobacillus brevis Coffee 2. Candida, Hansenula, Pichia, Saccharomyces ____ 3. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine 4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ____ Industrial and Applied Microbiology - Q3(v)दिलेल्या पर्यायांमधून योग्य पर्याय निवडून खालील परिच्छेद पूर्ण करा : (लॅक्टोबॅसिलस क्रिमॉरिस, प्रोटीएज, गाई, शाकाहारी, सूक्ष्मजैविक, रेनेट, जिओबॅक्टर, सॅकरोमायसिस) जगभर मोठ्या प्रमाणात उपलब्ध असलेल्या ____ च्या दुधाचा वापर करून चीज बनवले जाते. सर्वप्रथम दुधाचे रासायनिक व ____ परीक्षण होते. दुधात लॅक्टोबॅसिलस लॅक्टिस, ____ व स्ट्रेप्टोकॉकस थर्मोफिलिस हे सूक्ष्मजीव व रंग मिसळले जातात. यामुळे दुधाला आंबटपणा येतो. यानंतर दह्यातील पाणी काढून टाकण्यासाठी ते आणखी घट्ट होणे आवश्यक असते. ह्यासाठी जनावरांच्या अन्नमार्गातून मिळविलेला ____ विकर पूर्वीपासून वापरात येत असे, पण हल्ली कवकांपासून मिळविलेला ____ हा विकर उपयोगात आणून ____ चीज बनते.Complete the paragraph with the help of words given in the bracket: (Lactobacillus cremoris, Protease, Cow, Vegetarian, microbiological, rennet, Geobacter, Saccharomyces) Cheese is produced on large scale from the abundantly available ____ milk all over the world. First chemical and ____ tests of milk are performed. Some colours and microbes like Lactobacillus lactis, ____ and Streptococcus thermophilus are mixed with milk. It imparts sourness to the milk. After this, to impart the dense texture, whey needs to be removed. An enzyme ____ obtained from alimentary canal of cattle was being traditionally used earlier. However an enzyme ____ obtained from fungi is used at present to produce ____ cheese.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
March 2025
1 q
- Q1(A)(ii)व्हिनेगरमध्ये ____ आम्ल असते.Vinegar contains ____ acid.
Tap an option to check your answer.
Useful Microorganisms
July 2024
3 q
- Q1(A)(iv)रासायनिकदृष्ट्या व्हिनेगार म्हणजे ____ होय.Chemically, vinegar is ____.
Tap an option to check your answer.
Useful Microorganisms - Q2(B)(iv)औद्योगिक सूक्ष्मजीवशास्त्राचे दोन प्रमुख पैलू कोणते ?Write down any two features of Industrial Microbiology.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(vi)सेंद्रीय शेतीमध्ये जैव किटकनाशकांचे महत्त्व स्पष्ट करा.Explain the importance of Biopesticides in organic farming.Useful Microorganisms
March 2024
3 q
- Q1(A)(ii)लॅक्टोबॅसिलस ब्रुईस या सूक्ष्मजीवांच्या मदतीने ____ हे पेय तयार केले जाते.Lactobacillus brevis gives us the beverage ____.
Tap an option to check your answer.
Useful Microorganisms - Q2(B)(iv)सूक्ष्मजैविक प्रक्रियेद्वारा मिळविण्यात येणाऱ्या दोन इंधनांची नावे लिहा व या इंधनांचा वापर वाढविणे का गरजेचे आहे ते सांगा.Name two fuels obtained by microbial processes. Why is it necessary to increase the use of such fuels?Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(iii)दिलेल्या उताऱ्यातील गाळलेल्या जागा योग्य पर्याय निवडून पूर्ण करा. [ऑक्सिजन, पिरिडिन्स, यांत्रिक, , पेट्रोलिअम, घातक, पॉलिस्टर, नॉर्काडीया] समुद्रात विविध कारणांनी ____ तेलाची गळती होते. हे तेल जलचरांसाठी ____, विषारी ठरू शकते. पाण्यावर आलेला तेलाचा तवंग ____ पद्धतीने दूर करणे सोपे नाही. पण अल्कॅनिव्होरॅक्स बॉरक्युमेन्सिस व स्युडोमोनास जीवाणूंमध्ये ____ व इतर रसायने नष्ट करण्याची क्षमता आहे. त्यामुळे तेलाचे तवंग नष्ट करायला या जीवाणूंच्या समूहाचा वापर केला जातो. त्यांना H.C.B. म्हणतात. H.C.B. हे हायड्रोकार्बनचे अपघटन करून त्यातील कार्बनचा ____ शी संयोग घडवून आणतात. या अभिक्रियेत ____ व पाणी तयार होते.Complete the given paragraph by filling the blank spaces from the options given in the bracket. [oxygen, pyridines, mechanical, , petroleum, fatal, polyester, norcadia] Spilling of ____ oil occurs in the ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove ____ and toxic to aquatic organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from the surface of water by ____ method. However, bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the ____ and other chemicals. Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbon with ____ . ____ and water is formed in this process.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
March 2022
3 q
- Questions on the microbial production of cheese.Q3(iii)(1)Which substance is used to produce cheese?Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(iii)(2)Which enzyme was used earlier for cheese production?Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q3(iii)(3)Which enzyme is used to produce vegetarian cheese?Industrial and Applied Microbiology
March 2020
4 q
- Q1(A)(v)Salts which can be used as supplement of calcium and iron are obtained from ____
Tap an option to check your answer.
Industrial and Applied Microbiology - Q1(B)(i)Find odd one out: Drying, Salting, Cooking, Soaking with sugar.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Q2(B)(v)Complete the following conceptual picture on the uses of 'Microbes' by writing the appropriate use in each of the four blank boxes. (Two boxes are already filled as 'Oil spill' and 'Biogas and Composting'.)Industrial and Applied Microbiology
- Words given in brackets: (Mechanical, Rhizobium, Aquatic, Toxic, , Nitrogen, Pseudomonas, Amoeba, Bacteria, Hydrocarbons).Q3(viii)Complete the paragraph using proper words: Spilling of petroleum oil occurs in ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove fatal and toxic to ____ organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from surface of water by ____ method. However, bacteria like ____ spp. and Alcanivorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other chemicals. Hence, these ____ are used to clear the oil spills. These are called as hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the ____ and bring about the reaction of carbon with oxygen. ____ and water is formed in this process.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
March 2019
2 q
- Q1(A)(iii)There is an oil layer on the water surface of a river in your area. What will you do?Useful Microorganisms
- Q2(vi)Give scientific reason: Microbial enzymes are used instead of a chemical catalyst in a chemical industry.Industrial and Applied Microbiology
The 10 board questions to practise first
The questions the board asked again come first, most asked first. Each one says how often and when.
Question 1
Asked 3 times: Jul 2024, Mar 2025, Mar 2026* (* = numbers or wording changed that year)
Q1(B)(iv)रेणुसूत्र लिहा : ॲसेटिक आम्ल.Write the molecular formula of acetic acid.Question 2
Asked 2 times: Mar 2019, Jun 2026
Q2(A)(iii)शास्त्रीय कारणे लिहा : रसायन उद्योगात रासायनिक उत्प्रेरकाऐवजी सूक्ष्मजैविक विकरे वापरली जातात.Give scientific reason: Microbial enzymes are used instead of chemical catalysts in chemical industry.Question 3
Asked 2 times: Mar 2022, Jul 2025* (* = numbers or wording changed that year)
Q3(v)दिलेल्या पर्यायांमधून योग्य पर्याय निवडून खालील परिच्छेद पूर्ण करा : (लॅक्टोबॅसिलस क्रिमॉरिस, प्रोटीएज, गाई, शाकाहारी, सूक्ष्मजैविक, रेनेट, जिओबॅक्टर, सॅकरोमायसिस) जगभर मोठ्या प्रमाणात उपलब्ध असलेल्या ____ च्या दुधाचा वापर करून चीज बनवले जाते. सर्वप्रथम दुधाचे रासायनिक व ____ परीक्षण होते. दुधात लॅक्टोबॅसिलस लॅक्टिस, ____ व स्ट्रेप्टोकॉकस थर्मोफिलिस हे सूक्ष्मजीव व रंग मिसळले जातात. यामुळे दुधाला आंबटपणा येतो. यानंतर दह्यातील पाणी काढून टाकण्यासाठी ते आणखी घट्ट होणे आवश्यक असते. ह्यासाठी जनावरांच्या अन्नमार्गातून मिळविलेला ____ विकर पूर्वीपासून वापरात येत असे, पण हल्ली कवकांपासून मिळविलेला ____ हा विकर उपयोगात आणून ____ चीज बनते.Complete the paragraph with the help of words given in the bracket: (Lactobacillus cremoris, Protease, Cow, Vegetarian, microbiological, rennet, Geobacter, Saccharomyces) Cheese is produced on large scale from the abundantly available ____ milk all over the world. First chemical and ____ tests of milk are performed. Some colours and microbes like Lactobacillus lactis, ____ and Streptococcus thermophilus are mixed with milk. It imparts sourness to the milk. After this, to impart the dense texture, whey needs to be removed. An enzyme ____ obtained from alimentary canal of cattle was being traditionally used earlier. However an enzyme ____ obtained from fungi is used at present to produce ____ cheese.Question 4
Asked 2 times: Mar 2024, Jul 2025* (* = numbers or wording changed that year)
Q2(B)(ii)खालील तक्ता पूर्ण करा :अ.क्र. सहभागी सूक्ष्मजीव पेयाचे नांव 1. लॅक्टोबॅसीलस ब्रुईस कॉफी 2. कॅन्डीडा, हॅन्सेन्युला, पिचिया, सॅकरोमायसिस ____ 3. सॅकरोमायसिस सेरेव्हिसी वाईन 4. सॅकरोमायसिस सेरेव्हिसी ____ Complete the table:Sr. No. Microbe used Name of beverage 1. Lactobacillus brevis Coffee 2. Candida, Hansenula, Pichia, Saccharomyces ____ 3. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine 4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ____ Question 5
Asked 2 times: Mar 2020, Mar 2024* (* = numbers or wording changed that year)
Q3(iii)दिलेल्या उताऱ्यातील गाळलेल्या जागा योग्य पर्याय निवडून पूर्ण करा. [ऑक्सिजन, पिरिडिन्स, यांत्रिक, , पेट्रोलिअम, घातक, पॉलिस्टर, नॉर्काडीया] समुद्रात विविध कारणांनी ____ तेलाची गळती होते. हे तेल जलचरांसाठी ____, विषारी ठरू शकते. पाण्यावर आलेला तेलाचा तवंग ____ पद्धतीने दूर करणे सोपे नाही. पण अल्कॅनिव्होरॅक्स बॉरक्युमेन्सिस व स्युडोमोनास जीवाणूंमध्ये ____ व इतर रसायने नष्ट करण्याची क्षमता आहे. त्यामुळे तेलाचे तवंग नष्ट करायला या जीवाणूंच्या समूहाचा वापर केला जातो. त्यांना H.C.B. म्हणतात. H.C.B. हे हायड्रोकार्बनचे अपघटन करून त्यातील कार्बनचा ____ शी संयोग घडवून आणतात. या अभिक्रियेत ____ व पाणी तयार होते.Complete the given paragraph by filling the blank spaces from the options given in the bracket. [oxygen, pyridines, mechanical, , petroleum, fatal, polyester, norcadia] Spilling of ____ oil occurs in the ocean due to various reasons. This oil may prove ____ and toxic to aquatic organisms. It is not easy to remove the oil layer from the surface of water by ____ method. However, bacteria like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanovorax borkumensis have the ability to destroy the ____ and other chemicals. Hence, these bacteria are used to clear the oil spills. These are called hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). HCB decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction of carbon with ____ . ____ and water is formed in this process.Question 6
This type asked 4 times: Mar 2020, Jul 2024, Jul 2025, Mar 2026. This one: Mar 2026
Q3(vi)उपयोगाच्या अनुषंगाने पुढील संकल्पनाचित्र पूर्ण करा : झॅन्थॅन डिंकComplete the following conceptual picture with respect to the uses of Xanthan gum (fill the six boxes surrounding 'Xanthan gum').Question 7
This type asked 3 times: Jul 2024, Mar 2026, Jun 2026. This one: Jun 2026
Q1(A)(iii)प्रोबायोटिक्स खाद्यांमुळे आतड्यातील ____ सारख्या उपद्रवी जीवाणूंचा नाश होतो.Harmful bacteria like ____________ in the intestine are destroyed due to probiotics.Tap an option to check your answer.
Question 8 (case study, 2 parts)
This type asked 2 times: Mar 2024, Jun 2026. This one: Jun 2026
Observe the diagram given below and answer the questions.Q3(v)(a)आकृतीत कोणत्या प्रकारचे इंधन दर्शविले आहे ?Which fuel is shown in above diagram?Q3(v)(b)स्थायू व द्रव इंधनांच्या प्रकारांची प्रत्येकी दोन उदाहरणे लिहा.Give two examples of each solid and liquid fuel.Question 9
This type asked 2 times: Mar 2019, Mar 2020. This one: Mar 2019
Q1(A)(iii)There is an oil layer on the water surface of a river in your area. What will you do?Question 10
Asked once: Jul 2025 (same type asked 4 times)
Q1(B)(v)योग्य जोडी जुळवा : गट ‘अ’ : झायलीटॉल गट ‘ब’ : (a) आम्लता देणे (b) गोडी देणे (c) रंगMatch the correct pair: Column A: Xylitol. Column B: (a) To impart acidity (b) To impart sweetness (c) Pigment.