PYQ Vault

CDS (II) 2025, English question paper

120 questions · 100 marks · 120 minutes · +0.83 per correct answer, -0.28 per wrong one

Every question in the order it was set, free to read. Tap an option to check it, or open the answer and worked solution. Answers open as you go; sign in free to keep opening them.

Sit it as a timed mock
  1. Directions: Each of the sentences in the following items has an underlined word, followed by four choices. Select the most appropriate option that improves/corrects the underlined word in the context of the sentence, and mark your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    1
    The opposing political parties nevertheless took a bilateral position in the national interest.

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  2. 2
    Although she had sampled food from all the restaurants in the food court, she remained indefinite towards the culinary fare on offer.

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  3. 3
    The attitude of the whalers was marked by antipathy towards the marine life they had to encounter.

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  4. 4
    The family was rendered diligent due to the crash in the share market.

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  5. 5
    He had cultivated such great temperance in his personality that he was impassioned in his dealing with the vicissitudes of life.

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  6. 6
    The document was discerned to be a postscript, where clearly an earlier manuscript had been replaced by a new one.

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  7. 7
    He was accused of simulism for having copied from someone else without due acknowledgement.

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  8. 8
    The domineering manager behaved in a paternal manner with his subordinates, not allowing them to decide for themselves.

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  9. 9
    Much to their disappointment, the team leader spared no more than a reflective glance at the draft plan drawn up by his team.

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  10. 10
    Her actions were considered salutary because they were done without good reason or cause.

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  11. Directions: Each item in this section has a sentence with three underlined parts labelled (a), (b) and (c). Read each sentence to determine whether there is an error in any underlined part and indicate your response on the answer sheet against the above-mentioned corresponding letter. If there is no error, indicate your response as (d).
    11
    In his well-recognised stentorian yet amused voice the principal demanded an unique excuse from the student hauled up for alleged minor misdemeanour.

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  12. 12
    The visiting school children went around the lake during trip to the famous lake city.

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  13. 13
    The unfair distribution of assets among the family members angered the more hardworking members of the familyowned firm.

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  14. 14
    Given the nature of the problem it was not unnatural for there to be bad blood among the two of them.

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  15. 15
    He emphasised the need for strict discipline and compliance among the newly-appointed staff.

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  16. 16
    The officer marvelled at the low attendance remarking on the presence of less than twenty people at work.

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  17. 17
    The entire attention of the visiting dignitaries centred around the craftwork on display.

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  18. 18
    A group of wayfaring tourists who had trudged for hundreds of kilometres has finally arrived at the destination.

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  19. 19
    The tumult among the gathered spectators rose to a crescendo upon the arrival of their most favourite superstar.

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  20. 20
    The listings on the menu that had been proffered by him were selected after meticulous care and discernment with regard to taste and preference.

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  21. Directions: Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four options. Select whichever preposition or determiner you consider the most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    21
    Not _______ metal is necessarily solid in its natural state.

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  22. 22
    The reminder has gone out on _______ occasions, requiring personnel to complete their personal files.

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  23. 23
    It is important for people to work _______ their co-workers in the office to ensure maximum productivity.

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  24. 24
    You can choose _______ shirt you like from the collection available in the shop.

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  25. 25
    Depending on your preference, you can choose to complete either or _______ courses being offered by the university.

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  26. Directions: In the following items similar sounding words are given, followed by sentences wherein in each sentence one of these words has been used, and underlined. You are required to identify those sentences in which these words have been most appropriately and most aptly used and mark your response in the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    26
    Dairy, Dreary, Diary 1. She quietly stored all her sacred memories in her private dairy. 2. The proceedings of the meeting went on and on and were quite dreary. 3. They always bought their milk products from the local diary. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

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  27. 27
    Braid, Beard, Brood 1. The engineers were asked to braid the river by converting it into single body with the aid of an artificial dam. 2. Wise men, they say, often sport a beard. 3. Among certain avian species the males are known to brood the eggs laid by females. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

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  28. 28
    Lesion, Legion, Lesson 1. The scan of the affected area indicated the presence of a life-threatening lesion. 2. He had a legion of followers who hung on to his every word. 3. It is important to lesson the burden of others as we venture through life. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

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  29. 29
    Depose, Deplore, Deport 1. The director asked the actor to depose himself and instead act naturally. 2. The people are enthusiastically declaring that they deplore the salutary impact of the decisions taken by the administration. 3. Under extreme circumstances, the government can deport someone from a country. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

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  30. 30
    Bate, Bait, Bade 1. Those who had gathered for the unveiling were asked to bate their curiosity. 2. They set the bait to capture the leopard for tagging. 3. He reluctantly bade goodbye to his belongings. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

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  31. Directions: In the following items an idiom or a proverb is given. Select the response that most appropriately describes the meaning of the idiom or proverb and mark your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    31
    Someone's ears are flapping

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  32. 32
    Twist of the knife

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  33. 33
    Blow your own trumpet

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  34. 34
    Get under someone's skin

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  35. 35
    Many hands make light work

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  36. 36
    A bird in hand is worth two in the bush

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  37. 37
    Make heavy weather

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  38. 38
    Sweep under the carpet

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  39. 39
    A purple patch

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  40. 40
    Put out to pasture

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  41. Directions: In the following items a pair of sentences (S1, S2) is given. Select the most appropriate and relevant co-relationship of the second sentence to the first sentence from among the options (a), (b), (c) and (d), and mark your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    41
    S1: Failure is the stepping stone to success. S2: Successive failures are not however successive stepping stones to success.

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  42. 42
    S1: All human beings are created equal in every respect. S2: Some people are more equal than others.

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  43. 43
    S1: The origin of the universe has been traced to the Big Bang. S2: There can be no knowledge of what existed before the Big Bang.

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  44. 44
    S1: The highest clouds in the skies are the most fascinating. S2: We are most attracted to those things that are most out of our reach.

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  45. 45
    S1: A four-stroke engine is more efficient than a two-stroke engine. S2: The two-stroke engine has been phased out to protect the environment.

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  46. 46
    S1: Bottled water is safer than tap water. S2: In many countries tap water is fed to babies.

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  47. 47
    S1: The peacock is India's national bird. S2: The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Rajasthan.

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  48. 48
    S1: Field games are generally more popular than individual sports. S2: Across the world tennis is more popular than hockey.

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  49. 49
    S1: Forest cover is conducive to ecological recovery. S2: Unchecked urbanisation leads to environmental degradation.

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  50. 50
    S1: Indians have been emigrating to countries across the world for centuries. S2: The Indian diaspora is a model of success across the world.

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  51. Directions: In this section, each item consists of a sentence, parts of which have been jumbled. These parts have been labelled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to unjumble the sentence, and mark your response accordingly by choosing the most appropriate sequence given in the options (a), (b), (c) and (d).
    51
    P: and the outcome in cases selected in prior years' Q: the suggestions received from the field R: formations are reviewed by a cross functional S: committee to refine the scenarios and parameters

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  52. 52
    P: pollution control equipment broadly Q: include wastewater treatment plants, R: the various categories of water S: drinking water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants

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  53. 53
    P: facilitate the present and prospective entrepreneurs Q: for manufacturing and service units R: were notified in 2020, with guidelines to S: some new composite criteria of classification

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  54. 54
    P: outside the formal education system Q: the policy seeks to educate and R: equip potential entrepreneurs, both within and S: in the entrepreneurship domain

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  55. 55
    P: organizing Rozgar Melas across the nation for Q: providing suitable job opportunities in the private sector to the youth R: National Skill Development Corporation under the aegis of MSDE has been S: to give impetus to the employment initiatives in the country

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  56. 56
    P: to women-led development and the dream of New India Q: India is moving from women's development R: and an equal partner in the country's overall development S: is where women are empowered, strong

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  57. 57
    P: to provide additional one crore LPG Q: Ujjwala 2.0 was launched in 2021 R: households under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana S: connections to adult women of poor

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  58. 58
    P: process from the initial stage of planning Q: environmental impact assessment R: is a planning tool to integrate environmental S: concerns into the developmental

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  59. 59
    P: that may push the viewers to Q: hours of content are shown in a way R: think that they are watching a S: programme rather than an advertisement

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  60. 60
    P: engaged in performing visual and literary arts Q: in the field of intangible heritage R: the Ministry extends financial support to individuals, S: group of individuals and cultural organisations

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  61. Directions: In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been labelled as P, Q, R and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of these four sentences and mark your response accordingly.
    61
    S1: The Tungabhadra is the chief tributary of the Krishna formed by the union, near Kudali, of the two streams Tunga and Bhadra. S6: The Tungabhadra has served as a historic natural frontier right through the centuries. P: The river is perennial in character and comes down in frequent heavy rushes during the rains. Q: The rain-bearing river was dammed by the rulers of Vijayanagara near Hampi for watering the palaces and gardens of that great city. R: The united stream strikes in a north-easterly direction through Mysore and skirts the adjacent districts. S: The bed of both the headstreams of the Tungabhadra is rocky.

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  62. 62
    S1: In July 1917, Prince Lvov was replaced by a socialist revolutionary Alexander Kerensky as the head of the provisional government. S6: In Russia the Soviets have been in existence since 1905, and the Soviet system played an especially important role under the Provisional Government. P: However, such a partial replacement failed to satisfy the Bolsheviks. Q: The revolutionaries did not want a parliamentary republic nor a bourgeois democracy but rather they wanted a soviet of workers, soldiers, and labourers. R: When the February Revolution broke out, the leader of the Bolsheviks, Lenin, was in Switzerland. S: He arrived in Russia in April 1917, and was followed by Trotsky.

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  63. 63
    S1: The history of India's struggle for freedom is an enthralling one. S6: A more vibrant retelling is perhaps required of this tumultuous period of our history. P: It has all the drama and excitement of an epic tale. Q: And yet, in most history textbooks, what students encounter are facts, figures, names and numbers. R: As in epics, heroism was often accompanied by extreme sacrifice. S: Accounts of this period are loaded with tales of loyalty, allegiance, high ideals and peaceful protests.

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  64. 64
    S1: Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of Kings married the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette in 1770. S6: Remarkably nevertheless, under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. P: Furthermore, lenders, who gave the state credit, now began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans. Q: The ascension was preceded by a war that added more than a billion livre to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livre. R: In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France at the age of 20. S: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.

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  65. 65
    S1: Montesquieu was a great philosopher of his time. S6: He supported constitutional monarchy in France like the English one. P: He wanted power to be shared between the king, the nobles, and the Third Estate. Q: In his book The Spirit of the Laws, he propagated the theory of separating powers into three branches of government - the Legislative, the Executive and the Judiciary. R: To prevent any one of the three classes from becoming too powerful, Montesquieu suggested the making of a new constitution based on checks and balances. S: If this was done, he argued, there would be no tyranny and the liberty of the individual could be safeguarded.

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  66. 66
    S1: Glaciation has important effects on the landscape beyond the direct modifications created by ice erosion and deposition. S6: At the same time, ice advanced from the Welsh mountains into the Vale of Evesham and combined with northern ice to pond up a large proglacial lake covering much of the Midlands. P: One example is that glaciation frequently disrupts pre-existing drainage lines, initiating a new pattern persisting after the ice has disappeared. Q: The Midlands, what is now the Coventry/Warwick area, was formerly drained by the head waters of the River Soar, flowing into the Trent south of Nottingham. R: Two well-documented instances of such effects occur in England. S: During glaciation, the valleys of Soar and Trent were occupied by ice advancing from the north.

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  67. 67
    S1: The primary evidence for climate change that occurred many million years ago is the rocks and deposits themselves. S6: In other words, despite the clear legacy in many parts of the world of recent glaciation, the vast majority of sedimentary rocks were laid down in warm climatic conditions. P: Sediments and fossil in the poles tell us a great deal about the environment in which they were laid down. Q: We must, of course, bear in mind when interpreting this information that, because of the movement of the continents, no one latitude of the Earth has necessarily gone through such marked climatic vicissitudes. R: Nevertheless, even allowing for this factor, one of the most remarkable discoveries about the climate change of the past is that the two poles of the Earth have been free of ice for at least 90 per cent of the known history of the planet. S: We may find in close proximity to one another, coal deposits indicating the humid conditions of the tropics, red sandstones laid down in deserts and morainic materials reflecting polar conditions.

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  68. 68
    S1: Every geological period has been dominated by one particular form of life; as conditions changed to those of a new period, different types of organisms emerged into dominance. S6: The origin of completely new biological systems is comparatively rare, so consequently only a few major types have developed during the history of life. P: Individual shifts rely on opportunity, ecological access, and the development of a new adaptation. Q: Characteristically these shifts are rapid and are followed by a bout of adaptive radiation into the new ecological zone - for example, with the emergence of life on land. R: Within each period, natural selection has created a vast array of adaptive experiments culminating in a breakthrough to a new biological system that may cross the ecological barrier to the next period. S: Every breakthrough of shift in dominance is dependent on ones that have occurred before so that the process of evolution is progressive.

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  69. 69
    S1: The sun is the primary transmitter of energy for the processes of change on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere. S6: Only a small part of insolation is absorbed and converted into thermal energy. P: Its rays are transmitted in various wavelengths of the solar spectrum, mainly in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared bands. Q: When components of the solar spectrum reach the earth, the insolation is partially absorbed and converted to thermal energy. R: The amount of energy the earth receives from other celestial bodies is negligible by comparison. S: Radiant energy from the sun that strikes the earth is called insolation.

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  70. 70
    S1: Temperature indicates the relative degree of molecular activity, or heat, of a substance. S6: The boiling point of water under standard conditions is at 100 degrees Centigrade. P: Temperature is an index of sensible heat, not a direct measure of the quantity of energy. Q: Zero on this scale is the 'triple point' temperature, at which the gaseous, liquid, and solid states of water are at equilibrium under standard atmospheric pressure. R: If heat flows from one body to another, the former has the higher temperature. S: To indicate the temperature of a body, an arbitrary scale of reference is employed.

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  71. Directions: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists : List I (Parts of Speech), List II (Word).
    71
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Qualification
    B. Verb2. Conditionally
    C. Adverb3. Qualify
    D. Adjective4. Qualifying

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  72. 72
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Error
    B. Verb2. Erroneously
    C. Adverb3. Err
    D. Adjective4. Erroneous

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  73. 73
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Think
    B. Verb2. Care
    C. Adverb3. Carefully
    D. Adjective4. Careful

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  74. 74
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Dually
    B. Verb2. Duplication
    C. Adverb3. Duplicate
    D. Adjective4. Duple

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  75. 75
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Emanant
    B. Verb2. Exodus
    C. Adverb3. Outward
    D. Adjective4. Exit

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  76. 76
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Extremely
    B. Verb2. Spectatorial
    C. Adverb3. Spectator
    D. Adjective4. Spectate

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  77. 77
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Auditory
    B. Verb2. Hear
    C. Interjection3. Hark
    D. Adjective4. Hearing

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  78. 78
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Knowing
    B. Verb2. Know
    C. Adverb3. Knowingly
    D. Adjective4. Knowledge

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  79. 79
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Cogitation
    B. Verb2. Pensively
    C. Adverb3. Cogitate
    D. Adjective4. Cogitative

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  80. 80
    List I (Parts of Speech)List II (Word)
    A. Noun1. Intuitive
    B. Verb2. Intuition
    C. Adverb3. Intuitively
    D. Adjective4. Intuit

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  81. Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. Read the sentence carefully and find which part of speech the underlined word belongs to. Indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    81
    His happiness was obvious, as he had won unprecedented appreciation for his hard work.

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  82. 82
    I wonder if at times it rains to give us some respite from the dull moments of life.

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  83. 83
    The manager expects every employee to do his duty.

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  84. 84
    The righteous always emerge victorious.

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  85. 85
    It rained every day during the month of August.

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  86. Directions: Given below are sentences that use discourse markers/expressions to make them complete. Identify the most appropriate discourse marker and mark your answer accordingly in the Answer Sheet.
    86
    I must, _______, ask for tolerance from the board.

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  87. 87
    _______, eloquent expression of this skepticism can be found in the high theory removed from the reality.

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  88. 88
    I shall consider, _______, the narrow lines of argument articulated by philosophers.

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  89. 89
    _______, issues of religious plurality are embedded in the relationship between different followers of the party.

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  90. 90
    _______, we can take recourse to, what I call, an argument from ordinary life.

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  91. Directions: In the following items, a pair of words is provided. You are required to select the option that most appropriately describes the meaning and the grammatical parts of both the words and mark your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    91
    Lose and Loose

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  92. 92
    Anyway and Any way

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  93. 93
    Allusion and Illusion

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  94. 94
    Appraise and Apprise

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  95. 95
    Climactic and Climatic

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  96. Directions: In the following questions a particular word is provided. Four sentences have been framed using the word (in different tense forms), only one of which makes use of the word correctly. Select the correct option and mark your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.
    96
    Advice

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  97. 97
    Illicit

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  98. 98
    Effect

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  99. 99
    Brake

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  100. 100
    Incite

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  101. Directions: Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists : List I (Word/Expression), List II (Meaning).
    101
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Ensue1. Muddy ground
    B. Morass2. Complex disputes
    C. Imbroglio3. Collection of different things
    D. Potpourri4. To happen as a result

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  102. 102
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Malversation1. Continuing without a break
    B. Conundrum2. Confusing problem
    C. Incessant3. Extracting money in the form of taxes
    D. Mulct4. Corrupt behaviour of a public servant

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  103. 103
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Impugn1. Meaningless words
    B. Spew2. Expressing doubts about something
    C. Harangue3. Flowing out of something in a forceful way
    D. Gibberish4. Aggressive lecturing

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  104. 104
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Caveat1. Old-fashioned
    B. Amble2. Warning
    C. Acolyte3. Walking at a slow pace
    D. Archaic4. Ardent follower

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  105. 105
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Kernel1. Something that causes bad luck
    B. Brook2. Small stream
    C. Jinx3. Something that gives feeling of comfort
    D. Solace4. Soft part inside a seed

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  106. 106
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Feat1. The development of events outside a person's control
    B. Fate2. Used to measure depth of water
    C. Fathom3. An embarrassing mistake
    D. Faux pas4. An achievement requiring great courage

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  107. 107
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Semitic1. Similarity of appearance
    B. Seminary2. Training college for priests
    C. Send off3. A family of languages that includes Hebrew
    D. Semblance4. Wish good luck to person leaving

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  108. 108
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Hatch1. Rough and low in pitch
    B. Haughty2. Arrogant behaviour
    C. Gruff3. Tiring and demanding
    D. Gruelling4. A door in an aircraft

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  109. 109
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Extirpate1. Praise enthusiastically
    B. Extol2. Farthest point
    C. Extremity3. To remove completely
    D. Expunge4. Destroy completely

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  110. 110
    List I (Word/Expression)List II (Meaning)
    A. Devious1. Cause something to seem less valuable
    B. Devolution2. Skilful in using underhand tactics
    C. Detriment3. Transfer of power from higher to lower government
    D. Detract4. The state of being harmed or damaged

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  111. Directions: In the following item, a CLOZE question is given with ten blanks, each with four options. Select the most appropriate word from the options which fills the blanks correctly, and mark your response in the Answer Sheet accordingly. Passage It is increasingly 111. ______ that learning levels within many countries are highly unequal. This 112. ______ be happening because of institutional features of school systems, such as early streaming, regional diversity 113. ______ expenditure or political engagement, 114. ______ access to education, and non-equitable access to different types of providers. Among the developed countries, 115. ______ with more equal learning outcomes 116. ______ have better average learning outcomes, 117. ______ that appropriate interventions in the education sector may have positive effects on both equality and the quality of education. Economic inequality is associated with the distribution of 118. ______ skills among adults, although the direction of causation is unclear. Arguably, 119. ______ society will ever reach total equality in the learning outcomes of every individual. 120. ______ in learning outcomes may depend on individual ability and motivation, as well as the type of background one comes from and the types of resources one has access to.
    111
    Blank (111): "It is increasingly ____ that learning levels within many countries are highly unequal."

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  112. 112
    Blank (112): "...learning levels are highly unequal. This ____ be happening because of institutional features..."

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  113. 113
    Blank (113): "...regional diversity ____ expenditure or political engagement,..."

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  114. 114
    Blank (114): "...____ access to education, and non-equitable access to different types of providers."

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  115. 115
    Blank (115): "Among the developed countries, ____ with more equal learning outcomes..."

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  116. 116
    Blank (116): "...those with more equal learning outcomes ____ have better average learning outcomes,..."

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  117. 117
    Blank (117): "...also have better average learning outcomes, ____ that appropriate interventions in the education sector..."

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  118. 118
    Blank (118): "Economic inequality is associated with the distribution of ____ skills among adults,..."

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  119. 119
    Blank (119): "...the direction of causation is unclear. Arguably, ____ society will ever reach total equality in the learning outcomes of every individual."

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  120. 120
    Blank (120): "____ in learning outcomes may depend on individual ability and motivation, as well as the type of background..."

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