CBSE Class 12 Physics 2026 question paper (55/5)
Maximum marks 70 · Time 3 hours · 3 sets
Try each question first, then open its model answer. Where the paper offers a choice, both questions are shown with OR between them.
Section A
1 mark each
- Q.11 markTwo small identical metallic balls having charges q and are kept far at a separation r. They are brought in contact and then separated at distance . Compared to the initial force F, they will now :
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- Q.21 markThe figure represents the variation of the electric potential V at a point in a region of space as a function of its position along the x-axis. A charged particle will experience the maximum force at :
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- Q.31 markFour long straight thin wires are held vertically at the corners A, B, C and D of a square of side ‘a’, kept on a table and carry equal current ‘I’. The wire at A carries current in upward direction whereas the current in the remaining wires flows in downward direction. The net magnetic field at the centre of the square will have the magnitude :
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- Q.41 markThe magnetic flux through a loop placed in a magnetic field can be changed by changing :
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- Q.51 markWhich of the following statements is not true for electric energy in ac form compared to that in dc form ?
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- Q.61 markThe magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in glass (n = ) is given by where x is in metres and t is in seconds. The value of is :
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- Q.71 markLight of which of the following colours will have the maximum energy in a photon associated with it ?
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- Q.81 markNuclides with the same number of neutrons are called :
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- Q.91 markThe radius of a nucleus of mass number 125 is
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- Q.101 markThe energy of an electron in an orbit in hydrogen atom is eV. Its angular momentum in the orbit will be :
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- Q.111 markA good diode checked by a multimeter should indicate :
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- Q.121 markThe rms and the average value of an ac voltage volt over a cycle respectively will be :
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- Questions number 13 to 16 are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) type questions. Two statements are given — one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.Q.131 markAssertion (A) : Induced emf produced in a coil will be more when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is more. Reason (R) : Induced emf produced is directly proportional to the magnetic flux.
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- Q.141 markAssertion (A) : In Young's double-slit experiment, the fringe width for dark and bright fringes is the same. Reason (R) : Fringe width is given by , where symbols have their usual meanings.
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- Q.151 markAssertion (A) : Energy is released when heavy nuclei undergo fission or light nuclei undergo fusion. Reason (R) : For heavy nuclei, binding energy per nucleon increases with increasing Z while for light nuclei, it decreases with increasing Z.
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- Q.161 markAssertion (A) : Photoelectric effect is a spontaneous phenomenon. Reason (R) : According to the wave picture of radiation, an electron would take hours/days to absorb sufficient energy to overcome the work function and come out from a metal surface.
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Section B
2 marks each
- Q.17 (a)2 marksAn electric iron rated kW, 220 V is operated at 110 V supply. Find : (i) its resistance, and (ii) heat produced by it in 10 minutes.
OR
Q.17 (b)2 marksA current of A flows through a wire of length 1 m and cross-sectional area , when potential difference of 2 V is applied across its ends. Calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire.- Q.182 marksA plane circular coil is rotated about its vertical diameter with a constant angular speed in a uniform horizontal magnetic field. Initially the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Draw plots showing the variation of the following physical quantities as the function of , where t represents time elapsed : (a) Magnetic flux linked with the coil, and (b) emf induced in the coil.
- Q.192 marksA tank is filled with a liquid to a height of m. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of the tank is measured to be m. Calculate the speed of light in the liquid.
- Q.202 marksTwo thin lenses of focal length and are placed in contact with each other coaxially. Prove that the focal length f of the combination is given by .
- Q.212 marksSuppose a pure Si crystal has atoms per . It is doped with atoms per of Arsenic. Calculate the majority and minority carrier concentration in the doped silicon. (Given : )
Section C
3 marks each
- Q.223 marksTwo parallel plate capacitors X and Y are connected in series to a 6 V battery. They have the same plate area and same plate separation but capacitor X has air between its plates, whereas capacitor Y contains a material of dielectric constant 4. (a) Calculate the capacitances of X and Y, if the equivalent capacitance of the combination of X and Y is . (b) Calculate the potential difference across the plates of X and Y.
- Q.233 marksWrite the expression for the magnetic field due to a current element in vector form. Consider a 1 cm segment of a wire, centered at the origin, carrying a current of 10 A in positive x-direction. Calculate the magnetic field at a point (1 m, 1 m, 0).
- Q.243 marksA long solenoid of length L and radius having turns is surrounded symmetrically by a coil of radius having turns around its mid-point. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of solenoid and coil. Is valid in this case ?
- Q.253 marksWhat is displacement current ? Considering the case of charging of a capacitor, show that . What is the value of for a conductor across which a constant voltage is applied ?
- Q.26 (a)3 marks(i) Write any two features of nuclear forces. (ii) If both the number of protons and the neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa) in a nuclear reaction ? Explain.
OR
Q.26 (b)3 marks(i) Draw the number of scattered particles versus the scattering angle graph for scattering of alpha particles by a thin foil. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from this plot. (ii) If Bohr's quantization postulate (angular momentum = ) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why, then, do we never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun ? Explain.- Q.273 marksPhotoemission of electrons occurs from a metal when light of frequency Hz is incident on it. Calculate : (a) Energy of a photon in the incident light, (b) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and (c) The stopping potential.
- Q.283 marksDraw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier using p-n junction diodes. Explain its working and show the input-output waveforms.
Section D
1 mark each
- The electric potential (V) and electric field (E) are closely related concepts in electrostatics. The electric field is a vector quantity that represents the force per unit charge at a given point in space, whereas electric potential is a scalar quantity that represents the potential energy per unit charge at a given point in space. Electric field and electric potential are related by the equations and , i.e., electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential. This means that electric field points in the direction of decreasing potential and its magnitude is the rate of change of potential with distance. The electric field is the force that drives a unit charge to move from higher potential region to lower potential region and electric potential difference between the two points determines the work done in moving a unit charge from one point to the other point. A pair of square conducting plates having sides of length m are arranged parallel to each other in x-y plane. They are m apart along z-axis and are connected to a 200 V power supply as shown in the figure. An electron enters with a speed of horizontally and symmetrically in the space between the two plates. Neglect the effect of gravity on the electron.Q.29 (i)1 markThe electric field in the region between the plates is :
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- Q.29 (ii)1 markIn the region between the plates, the electron moves with an acceleration given by :
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- Q.29 (iii) (a)1 markTime interval during which an electron moves through the region between the plates is :
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OR
Q.29 (iii) (b)1 markThe vertical displacement of the electron which travels through the region between the plates is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.29 (iv)1 markWhich one of the following is the path traced by the electron in between the two plates ?
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- In a Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits behave as coherent sources. When coherent light waves superpose over each other they create an interference pattern of successive bright and dark regions due to constructive and destructive interference. Two slits 2 mm apart are illuminated by a source of monochromatic light and the interference pattern is observed on a screen m away from the slits as shown in the figure.Q.30 (i)1 markWhat property of light does this interference experiment demonstrate ?
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- Q.30 (ii) (a)1 markThe wavelength of light used in this experiment is :
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OR
Q.30 (ii) (b)1 markThe fringe width in the interference pattern formed on the screen is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.30 (iii)1 markThe path difference between the two waves meeting at point P, where there is a minimum in the interference pattern is :
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- Q.30 (iv)1 markWhen the experiment is performed in a liquid of refractive index greater than 1, then fringe pattern will :
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Section E
5 marks each
- Q.31 (a)5 marks(i) Derive the condition for which a Wheatstone Bridge is balanced. (ii) Determine the current in branch of a Wheatstone Bridge in the circuit shown in the figure.
OR
Q.31 (b)5 marks(i) Consider a cylindrical conductor of length and area of cross-section A. Current I is maintained in the conductor and electrons drift with velocity , (where symbols have their usual meanings). Show that the conductivity of the material of the conductor is given by . (ii) The resistance of a metal wire at C is and at C is . Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of this metal.- Q.32 (a)5 marks(i) A rectangular loop of sides a and b carrying current I is placed in a magnetic field such that its area vector makes an angle with . With the help of a suitable diagram, show that the torque acting on the loop is given by , where is the magnetic dipole moment of the loop. (ii) A circular coil of 100 turns and radius cm carrying current of A is suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of T. The field makes an angle with the normal to the coil. Calculate : (I) the magnetic dipole moment of the coil, and (II) the magnitude of the counter torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.
OR
Q.32 (b)5 marks(i) Derive an expression for the force acting on a conductor of length L and area of cross-section A carrying current I and placed in a magnetic field . (ii) A part of a wire carrying A current and bent at at two points is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field , as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude of the net force acting on the wire.- Q.33 (a)5 marks(i) A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a single slit of width ‘a’ and a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen placed at distance D from the slits. Explain : (I) the formation of maxima and minima in the diffraction pattern, and (II) why the maxima go on becoming weaker and weaker with its increasing number (n). (ii) Write any two points of difference between interference pattern due to double-slit and diffraction pattern due to single-slit.
OR
Q.33 (b)5 marks(i) With the help of a ray diagram, describe the construction and working of a compound microscope. (ii) (I) The real image of an object placed between f and 2f from a convex lens can be seen on a screen placed at the image location. If the screen is removed, is the image still there ? Explain. (II) Plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances ? Explain.
Section A
1 mark each
- Q.11 markThe energy of an electron in an orbit in hydrogen atom is eV. Its angular momentum in the orbit will be :
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- Q.21 markThe momentum of a photon associated with a microwave of wavelength cm is :
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- Q.31 markThe radius of a nucleus of mass number 125 is
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- Q.41 markThe rms and the average value of an ac voltage volt over a cycle respectively will be :
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- Q.51 markA good diode checked by a multimeter should indicate :
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- Q.61 markTwo point charges and are located at points (d, 0) and (0, d) respectively, in x-y plane. The electric field at the origin will be :
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- Q.71 markAn electron is moving with velocity . If a uniform electric field is set up in the region, the electron will :
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- Q.81 markA charged particle of mass m having kinetic energy K passes undeflected through a region with electric field and magnetic field acting perpendicular to each other. The mass m of the particle will be :
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- Q.91 markA rectangular loop of size 5 cm 8 cm is lying in x-y plane in a uniform magnetic field . The total magnetic flux linked with the loop is :
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- Q.101 markWhich of the following statements is not true for electric energy in ac form compared to that in dc form ?
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- Q.111 markThe magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in glass (n = ) is given by where x is in metres and t is in seconds. The value of is :
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- Q.121 markThe energy of an electron revolving in the orbit in Bohr model of hydrogen atom is proportional to :
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- Questions number 13 to 16 are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) type questions. Two statements are given — one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.Q.131 markAssertion (A) : Energy is released when heavy nuclei undergo fission or light nuclei undergo fusion. Reason (R) : For heavy nuclei, binding energy per nucleon increases with increasing Z while for light nuclei, it decreases with increasing Z.
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- Q.141 markAssertion (A) : Photoelectric effect is a spontaneous phenomenon. Reason (R) : According to the wave picture of radiation, an electron would take hours/days to absorb sufficient energy to overcome the work function and come out from a metal surface.
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- Q.151 markAssertion (A) : Induced emf produced in a coil will be more when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is more. Reason (R) : Induced emf produced is directly proportional to the magnetic flux.
Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.161 markAssertion (A) : In Young's double-slit experiment, the fringe width for dark and bright fringes is the same. Reason (R) : Fringe width is given by , where symbols have their usual meanings.
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Section B
2 marks each
- Q.172 marksSuppose a pure Si crystal has atoms per . It is doped with atoms per of Arsenic. Calculate the majority and minority carrier concentration in the doped silicon. (Given : )
- Q.182 marksIn a Young's double-slit experiment, two waves each of intensity I superpose each other and produce an interference pattern. Prove that the resultant intensities at maxima and minima are 4 I and zero respectively.
- Q.19 (a)2 marksAn electric iron rated kW, 220 V is operated at 110 V supply. Find : (i) its resistance, and (ii) heat produced by it in 10 minutes.
OR
Q.19 (b)2 marksA current of A flows through a wire of length 1 m and cross-sectional area , when potential difference of 2 V is applied across its ends. Calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire.- Q.202 marksA square loop of side 10 cm, free to rotate about a vertical axis coinciding with its one arm, is initially held perpendicular to a uniform horizontal magnetic field of T. If it is rotated at the uniform speed of 60 rpm, find the emf induced in the loop.
- Q.212 marksA point source, in air, is placed at a distance of 6 cm in front of a convex spherical surface (n = and radius of curvature = 24 cm). Find the position and nature of the image formed.
Section C
3 marks each
- Q.223 marks(a) Differentiate between inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and impedance of an ac circuit. (b) An ideal inductor and an ideal capacitor are connected in series across an ac voltage. Plot a graph showing variation of net reactance of the circuit with frequency of the applied ac voltage.
- Q.233 marksTwo parallel plate capacitors X and Y are connected in series to a 6 V battery. They have the same plate area and same plate separation but capacitor X has air between its plates, whereas capacitor Y contains a material of dielectric constant 4. (a) Calculate the capacitances of X and Y, if the equivalent capacitance of the combination of X and Y is . (b) Calculate the potential difference across the plates of X and Y.
- Q.24 (a)3 marks(i) Write any two features of nuclear forces. (ii) If both the number of protons and the neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa) in a nuclear reaction ? Explain.
OR
Q.24 (b)3 marks(i) Draw the number of scattered particles versus the scattering angle graph for scattering of alpha particles by a thin foil. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from this plot. (ii) If Bohr's quantization postulate (angular momentum = ) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why, then, do we never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun ? Explain.- Q.253 marksPhotoemission of electrons occurs from a metal when light of frequency Hz is incident on it. Calculate : (a) Energy of a photon in the incident light, (b) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and (c) The stopping potential.
- Q.263 marksWrite the expression for the magnetic field due to a current element in vector form. Consider a 1 cm segment of a wire, centered at the origin, carrying a current of 10 A in positive x-direction. Calculate the magnetic field at a point (1 m, 1 m, 0).
- Q.273 marksDifferentiate between conduction current and displacement current. A capacitor is connected across a source providing time-dependent current. Explain how the total current at an instant is the sum of conduction current and displacement current in the circuit at that instant.
- Q.283 marksWhat are de Broglie waves ? Show that the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation is equal to the de Broglie wavelength of its quantum (photon).
Section D
1 mark each
- In a Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits behave as coherent sources. When coherent light waves superpose over each other they create an interference pattern of successive bright and dark regions due to constructive and destructive interference. Two slits 2 mm apart are illuminated by a source of monochromatic light and the interference pattern is observed on a screen m away from the slits as shown in the figure.Q.29 (i)1 markWhat property of light does this interference experiment demonstrate ?
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- Q.29 (ii) (a)1 markThe wavelength of light used in this experiment is :
Tap an option to check your answer.
OR
Q.29 (ii) (b)1 markThe fringe width in the interference pattern formed on the screen is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.29 (iii)1 markThe path difference between the two waves meeting at point P, where there is a minimum in the interference pattern is :
Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.29 (iv)1 markWhen the experiment is performed in a liquid of refractive index greater than 1, then fringe pattern will :
Tap an option to check your answer.
- The electric potential (V) and electric field (E) are closely related concepts in electrostatics. The electric field is a vector quantity that represents the force per unit charge at a given point in space, whereas electric potential is a scalar quantity that represents the potential energy per unit charge at a given point in space. Electric field and electric potential are related by the equations and , i.e., electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential. This means that electric field points in the direction of decreasing potential and its magnitude is the rate of change of potential with distance. The electric field is the force that drives a unit charge to move from higher potential region to lower potential region and electric potential difference between the two points determines the work done in moving a unit charge from one point to the other point. A pair of square conducting plates having sides of length m are arranged parallel to each other in x-y plane. They are m apart along z-axis and are connected to a 200 V power supply as shown in the figure. An electron enters with a speed of horizontally and symmetrically in the space between the two plates. Neglect the effect of gravity on the electron.Q.30 (i)1 markThe electric field in the region between the plates is :
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- Q.30 (ii)1 markIn the region between the plates, the electron moves with an acceleration given by :
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- Q.30 (iii) (a)1 markTime interval during which an electron moves through the region between the plates is :
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OR
Q.30 (iii) (b)1 markThe vertical displacement of the electron which travels through the region between the plates is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.30 (iv)1 markWhich one of the following is the path traced by the electron in between the two plates ?
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Section E
5 marks each
- Q.31 (a)5 marks(i) A rectangular loop of sides a and b carrying current I is placed in a magnetic field such that its area vector makes an angle with . With the help of a suitable diagram, show that the torque acting on the loop is given by , where is the magnetic dipole moment of the loop. (ii) A circular coil of 100 turns and radius cm carrying current of A is suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of T. The field makes an angle with the normal to the coil. Calculate : (I) the magnetic dipole moment of the coil, and (II) the magnitude of the counter torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.
OR
Q.31 (b)5 marks(i) Derive an expression for the force acting on a conductor of length L and area of cross-section A carrying current I and placed in a magnetic field . (ii) A part of a wire carrying A current and bent at at two points is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field , as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude of the net force acting on the wire.- Q.32 (a)5 marks(i) A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a single slit of width ‘a’ and a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen placed at distance D from the slits. Explain : (I) the formation of maxima and minima in the diffraction pattern, and (II) why the maxima go on becoming weaker and weaker with its increasing number (n). (ii) Write any two points of difference between interference pattern due to double-slit and diffraction pattern due to single-slit.
OR
Q.32 (b)5 marks(i) With the help of a ray diagram, describe the construction and working of a compound microscope. (ii) (I) The real image of an object placed between f and 2f from a convex lens can be seen on a screen placed at the image location. If the screen is removed, is the image still there ? Explain. (II) Plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances ? Explain.- Q.33 (a)5 marks(i) Derive the condition for which a Wheatstone Bridge is balanced. (ii) Determine the current in branch of a Wheatstone Bridge in the circuit shown in the figure.
OR
Q.33 (b)5 marks(i) Consider a cylindrical conductor of length and area of cross-section A. Current I is maintained in the conductor and electrons drift with velocity , (where symbols have their usual meanings). Show that the conductivity of the material of the conductor is given by . (ii) The resistance of a metal wire at C is and at C is . Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of this metal.
Section A
1 mark each
- Q.11 markA 500 nm photon is incident normally on a perfectly reflecting surface and is reflected. The value of momentum transferred to the surface is :
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- Q.21 markA good diode checked by a multimeter should indicate :
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- Q.31 markA square loop of side m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of T perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The loop is rotated through an angle of in s. The value of emf induced in the loop will be :
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- Q.41 markThe magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave travelling in glass (n = ) is given by where x is in metres and t is in seconds. The value of is :
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- Q.51 markA charged particle is moving in a uniform magnetic field with a constant speed v in a circular path of radius r. Which of the following graphs represents the variation of radius of the circle, with the magnitude of magnetic field ?
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- Q.61 markWhich of the following statements is not true for electric energy in ac form compared to that in dc form ?
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- Q.71 markThe energy of an electron in an orbit in hydrogen atom is eV. Its angular momentum in the orbit will be :
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- Q.81 markThe rms and the average value of an ac voltage volt over a cycle respectively will be :
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- Q.91 markThe figure shows three point charges kept at the vertices of triangle ABC. The net electric field, due to this system of charges, at the midpoint M of base BC will be :
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- Q.101 markConsider the nuclear reaction . Let , and be the masses of the three nuclei X, Y and Z respectively. Then which of the following relations hold true ?
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- Q.111 markTwo points R and S are equidistant from two charges + Q and 2Q. The work done in moving a charge Q from point R to S is :
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- Q.121 markThe radius of a nucleus of mass number 125 is
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- Questions number 13 to 16 are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) type questions. Two statements are given — one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.Q.131 markAssertion (A) : In Young's double-slit experiment, the fringe width for dark and bright fringes is the same. Reason (R) : Fringe width is given by , where symbols have their usual meanings.
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- Q.141 markAssertion (A) : Energy is released when heavy nuclei undergo fission or light nuclei undergo fusion. Reason (R) : For heavy nuclei, binding energy per nucleon increases with increasing Z while for light nuclei, it decreases with increasing Z.
Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.151 markAssertion (A) : Photoelectric effect is a spontaneous phenomenon. Reason (R) : According to the wave picture of radiation, an electron would take hours/days to absorb sufficient energy to overcome the work function and come out from a metal surface.
Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.161 markAssertion (A) : Induced emf produced in a coil will be more when the magnetic flux linked with the coil is more. Reason (R) : Induced emf produced is directly proportional to the magnetic flux.
Tap an option to check your answer.
Section B
2 marks each
- Q.172 marksA light copper ring is freely suspended by a light string. A bar magnet is held horizontally with its length along the axis of the ring. The magnet is moved towards the ring with its N pole facing the loop. What will happen to the ring and its position ? Explain.
- Q.182 marksA ray of light MN is incident normally on the face corresponding with side AB of a prism with an isosceles right-angled triangular base ABC. Trace the path of the ray as it passes through the prism when the refractive index of the prism material is (i) , and (ii) .
- Q.192 marksWhen monochromatic light is incident on a surface separating two media, the refracted and reflected light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency but the wavelength of refracted light is different. Explain why.
- Q.202 marksSuppose a pure Si crystal has atoms per . It is doped with atoms per of Arsenic. Calculate the majority and minority carrier concentration in the doped silicon. (Given : )
- Q.21 (a)2 marksAn electric iron rated kW, 220 V is operated at 110 V supply. Find : (i) its resistance, and (ii) heat produced by it in 10 minutes.
OR
Q.21 (b)2 marksA current of A flows through a wire of length 1 m and cross-sectional area , when potential difference of 2 V is applied across its ends. Calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire.
Section C
3 marks each
- Q.223 marksWhat is meant by displacement current ? A capacitor is being charged by a battery. Show that Ampere-Maxwell law justifies continuity and constancy of the current flowing in the circuit.
- Q.233 marks(a) Can a transformer step up or step down dc power supply ? (b) Can a step up transformer work as a step down transformer ? (c) Does a step up transformer contradict the principle of conservation of energy ? Justify your answer.
- Q.243 marksDraw a circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier using p-n junction diodes. Explain its working and show the input-output waveforms.
- Q.253 marksTwo point charges C and C are located at points and respectively. Find : (a) the electric dipole moment of the system, and (b) the magnitude and direction of electric field at the origin (0, 0, 0).
- Q.263 marksPhotoemission of electrons occurs from a metal when light of frequency Hz is incident on it. Calculate : (a) Energy of a photon in the incident light, (b) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons, and (c) The stopping potential.
- Q.27 (a)3 marks(i) Write any two features of nuclear forces. (ii) If both the number of protons and the neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in what way is mass converted into energy (or vice versa) in a nuclear reaction ? Explain.
OR
Q.27 (b)3 marks(i) Draw the number of scattered particles versus the scattering angle graph for scattering of alpha particles by a thin foil. Write two important conclusions that can be drawn from this plot. (ii) If Bohr's quantization postulate (angular momentum = ) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why, then, do we never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun ? Explain.- Q.283 marksWrite the expression for the magnetic field due to a current element in vector form. Consider a 1 cm segment of a wire, centered at the origin, carrying a current of 10 A in positive x-direction. Calculate the magnetic field at a point (1 m, 1 m, 0).
Section D
1 mark each
- The electric potential (V) and electric field (E) are closely related concepts in electrostatics. The electric field is a vector quantity that represents the force per unit charge at a given point in space, whereas electric potential is a scalar quantity that represents the potential energy per unit charge at a given point in space. Electric field and electric potential are related by the equations and , i.e., electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential. This means that electric field points in the direction of decreasing potential and its magnitude is the rate of change of potential with distance. The electric field is the force that drives a unit charge to move from higher potential region to lower potential region and electric potential difference between the two points determines the work done in moving a unit charge from one point to the other point. A pair of square conducting plates having sides of length m are arranged parallel to each other in x-y plane. They are m apart along z-axis and are connected to a 200 V power supply as shown in the figure. An electron enters with a speed of horizontally and symmetrically in the space between the two plates. Neglect the effect of gravity on the electron.Q.29 (i)1 markThe electric field in the region between the plates is :
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- Q.29 (ii)1 markIn the region between the plates, the electron moves with an acceleration given by :
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- Q.29 (iii) (a)1 markTime interval during which an electron moves through the region between the plates is :
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OR
Q.29 (iii) (b)1 markThe vertical displacement of the electron which travels through the region between the plates is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.29 (iv)1 markWhich one of the following is the path traced by the electron in between the two plates ?
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- In a Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits behave as coherent sources. When coherent light waves superpose over each other they create an interference pattern of successive bright and dark regions due to constructive and destructive interference. Two slits 2 mm apart are illuminated by a source of monochromatic light and the interference pattern is observed on a screen m away from the slits as shown in the figure.Q.30 (i)1 markWhat property of light does this interference experiment demonstrate ?
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- Q.30 (ii) (a)1 markThe wavelength of light used in this experiment is :
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OR
Q.30 (ii) (b)1 markThe fringe width in the interference pattern formed on the screen is :Tap an option to check your answer.
- Q.30 (iii)1 markThe path difference between the two waves meeting at point P, where there is a minimum in the interference pattern is :
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- Q.30 (iv)1 markWhen the experiment is performed in a liquid of refractive index greater than 1, then fringe pattern will :
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Section E
5 marks each
- Q.31 (a)5 marks(i) A parallel beam of monochromatic light falls normally on a single slit of width ‘a’ and a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen placed at distance D from the slits. Explain : (I) the formation of maxima and minima in the diffraction pattern, and (II) why the maxima go on becoming weaker and weaker with its increasing number (n). (ii) Write any two points of difference between interference pattern due to double-slit and diffraction pattern due to single-slit.
OR
Q.31 (b)5 marks(i) With the help of a ray diagram, describe the construction and working of a compound microscope. (ii) (I) The real image of an object placed between f and 2f from a convex lens can be seen on a screen placed at the image location. If the screen is removed, is the image still there ? Explain. (II) Plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances ? Explain.- Q.32 (a)5 marks(i) Derive the condition for which a Wheatstone Bridge is balanced. (ii) Determine the current in branch of a Wheatstone Bridge in the circuit shown in the figure.
OR
Q.32 (b)5 marks(i) Consider a cylindrical conductor of length and area of cross-section A. Current I is maintained in the conductor and electrons drift with velocity , (where symbols have their usual meanings). Show that the conductivity of the material of the conductor is given by . (ii) The resistance of a metal wire at C is and at C is . Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of this metal.- Q.33 (a)5 marks(i) A rectangular loop of sides a and b carrying current I is placed in a magnetic field such that its area vector makes an angle with . With the help of a suitable diagram, show that the torque acting on the loop is given by , where is the magnetic dipole moment of the loop. (ii) A circular coil of 100 turns and radius cm carrying current of A is suspended vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of T. The field makes an angle with the normal to the coil. Calculate : (I) the magnetic dipole moment of the coil, and (II) the magnitude of the counter torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from turning.
OR
Q.33 (b)5 marks(i) Derive an expression for the force acting on a conductor of length L and area of cross-section A carrying current I and placed in a magnetic field . (ii) A part of a wire carrying A current and bent at at two points is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field , as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude of the net force acting on the wire.