Comprehension
55 MPSC ASO Mains English past-year questions from 7 papers, 2009 to 2017, with answers and worked solutions.
- Difficulty: 39 easy · 15 moderate · 1 hard.
- Most-asked subtopics: Passage (44), Passage vocabulary (11).
- Updated 27 September 2026.
#1Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (186–190) : The scenario is frightening : Scientists predict that several low-lying island nations would be wiped out from the face of the earth ! The gradual warming of the earth could lead to rise in the sea level and render some of the low-lying islands uninhabitable. If the sea level rises by about two metres, which some scientists say it could, islands like the Maldives could simply disappear. Thousands of Maldivians, including school children, took out a rally in Maldiv recently to demonstrate their concern. The rally was held to coincide with a government meeting called to debate what action the world needs to take to protect the island nations from the impending catastrophe. Environment Ministers of 15 small island nations called upon the industrialised nations to make available resources and technology to the most vulnerable states to help them meet the challenge. The gases that cause global warming are produced mainly by the rich countries. But the poor countries with their large populations, low incomes and fragile agriculture could suffer more than the rich ones if the world warms and sea level rises.#2Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (186–190) : The scenario is frightening : Scientists predict that several low-lying island nations would be wiped out from the face of the earth ! The gradual warming of the earth could lead to rise in the sea level and render some of the low-lying islands uninhabitable. If the sea level rises by about two metres, which some scientists say it could, islands like the Maldives could simply disappear. Thousands of Maldivians, including school children, took out a rally in Maldiv recently to demonstrate their concern. The rally was held to coincide with a government meeting called to debate what action the world needs to take to protect the island nations from the impending catastrophe. Environment Ministers of 15 small island nations called upon the industrialised nations to make available resources and technology to the most vulnerable states to help them meet the challenge. The gases that cause global warming are produced mainly by the rich countries. But the poor countries with their large populations, low incomes and fragile agriculture could suffer more than the rich ones if the world warms and sea level rises.#3Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (186–190) : The scenario is frightening : Scientists predict that several low-lying island nations would be wiped out from the face of the earth ! The gradual warming of the earth could lead to rise in the sea level and render some of the low-lying islands uninhabitable. If the sea level rises by about two metres, which some scientists say it could, islands like the Maldives could simply disappear. Thousands of Maldivians, including school children, took out a rally in Maldiv recently to demonstrate their concern. The rally was held to coincide with a government meeting called to debate what action the world needs to take to protect the island nations from the impending catastrophe. Environment Ministers of 15 small island nations called upon the industrialised nations to make available resources and technology to the most vulnerable states to help them meet the challenge. The gases that cause global warming are produced mainly by the rich countries. But the poor countries with their large populations, low incomes and fragile agriculture could suffer more than the rich ones if the world warms and sea level rises.#4Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (186–190) : The scenario is frightening : Scientists predict that several low-lying island nations would be wiped out from the face of the earth ! The gradual warming of the earth could lead to rise in the sea level and render some of the low-lying islands uninhabitable. If the sea level rises by about two metres, which some scientists say it could, islands like the Maldives could simply disappear. Thousands of Maldivians, including school children, took out a rally in Maldiv recently to demonstrate their concern. The rally was held to coincide with a government meeting called to debate what action the world needs to take to protect the island nations from the impending catastrophe. Environment Ministers of 15 small island nations called upon the industrialised nations to make available resources and technology to the most vulnerable states to help them meet the challenge. The gases that cause global warming are produced mainly by the rich countries. But the poor countries with their large populations, low incomes and fragile agriculture could suffer more than the rich ones if the world warms and sea level rises.#5Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow (186–190) : The scenario is frightening : Scientists predict that several low-lying island nations would be wiped out from the face of the earth ! The gradual warming of the earth could lead to rise in the sea level and render some of the low-lying islands uninhabitable. If the sea level rises by about two metres, which some scientists say it could, islands like the Maldives could simply disappear. Thousands of Maldivians, including school children, took out a rally in Maldiv recently to demonstrate their concern. The rally was held to coincide with a government meeting called to debate what action the world needs to take to protect the island nations from the impending catastrophe. Environment Ministers of 15 small island nations called upon the industrialised nations to make available resources and technology to the most vulnerable states to help them meet the challenge. The gases that cause global warming are produced mainly by the rich countries. But the poor countries with their large populations, low incomes and fragile agriculture could suffer more than the rich ones if the world warms and sea level rises.Done a few? Here’s your next move
#6Passage
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow (191–195). Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Amnesty International's charge that 'tens of thousands' of political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, are languishing in Indian jails and that prisoners are routinely tortured in this country has to be seen in a much wider context than the organisation's annual report cares to do. In its overall appraisal of 151 countries, Amnesty has accused 112 of torturing prisoners, 63 of harbouring prisoners of conscience, 61 of resorting to political killings and 53 of detaining people without a trial. Of these apparently *overlapping* categories, India seems to have been excluded from the list of the 61 which undertake political killings. The report has however, pointed out that scores of people in India die of torture in police and military custody and that many also simply disappear. Clearly, only a thin line separates the 61 charged with political murder from the rest. Before coming to such conclusions, however, it may also be necessary to classify the various countries according to their political systems. Torture by the security forces and killings at the behest of the government make no difference to the victims whether they are in a democratic country or a totalitarian one. It is also nobody's case that a democratic country is less *culpable* than a dictatorship in the event of human rights violations. But the point perhaps still needs to be made that torture or 'disappearances' represent a failure of the system in a democracy in contrast to being an integral part of state policy in a country ruled by an autocrat who is answerable to no one. India may be guilty of keeping 'tens of thousands' behind bars and of the other human rights abuses mentioned by Amnesty, but it still remains a qualitatively different place from a totalitarian country. It is in this respect that Amnesty has been less than fair. It has chosen to ignore the distinctions between the good, the bad and the ugly. The openness of Indian society will be evident to anyone who spends half an hour in one of its chaotic market-places or visits the law courts or watches a political rally or reads a newspaper or *strikes up* a conversation with any person on the roads. There is no sense of fear in India, as in a dictatorship. There is also scope for securing relief from the heavy-handed behaviour of the authorities, even if the human rights commission has not yet lived up to expectations. Unless such points are recognised, Amnesty's assessment will seem to be a dry recital of statistics which may *pillory* India simply because of its larger population. Mercifully, Amnesty nowadays at least notes that the terrorists also indulge in human rights violations and that India has to cope with several insurgencies *fomented* by a country where the military does not always seem to be under the control of the elected government. True, there is much that is wrong in India's prison system and with the way the terrorist challenge is sometimes met, but the stress should be on activating the self-correcting mechanism within a democracy and not merely on painting a grim, even biased, picture.#7Passage
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow (191–195). Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Amnesty International's charge that 'tens of thousands' of political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, are languishing in Indian jails and that prisoners are routinely tortured in this country has to be seen in a much wider context than the organisation's annual report cares to do. In its overall appraisal of 151 countries, Amnesty has accused 112 of torturing prisoners, 63 of harbouring prisoners of conscience, 61 of resorting to political killings and 53 of detaining people without a trial. Of these apparently *overlapping* categories, India seems to have been excluded from the list of the 61 which undertake political killings. The report has however, pointed out that scores of people in India die of torture in police and military custody and that many also simply disappear. Clearly, only a thin line separates the 61 charged with political murder from the rest. Before coming to such conclusions, however, it may also be necessary to classify the various countries according to their political systems. Torture by the security forces and killings at the behest of the government make no difference to the victims whether they are in a democratic country or a totalitarian one. It is also nobody's case that a democratic country is less *culpable* than a dictatorship in the event of human rights violations. But the point perhaps still needs to be made that torture or 'disappearances' represent a failure of the system in a democracy in contrast to being an integral part of state policy in a country ruled by an autocrat who is answerable to no one. India may be guilty of keeping 'tens of thousands' behind bars and of the other human rights abuses mentioned by Amnesty, but it still remains a qualitatively different place from a totalitarian country. It is in this respect that Amnesty has been less than fair. It has chosen to ignore the distinctions between the good, the bad and the ugly. The openness of Indian society will be evident to anyone who spends half an hour in one of its chaotic market-places or visits the law courts or watches a political rally or reads a newspaper or *strikes up* a conversation with any person on the roads. There is no sense of fear in India, as in a dictatorship. There is also scope for securing relief from the heavy-handed behaviour of the authorities, even if the human rights commission has not yet lived up to expectations. Unless such points are recognised, Amnesty's assessment will seem to be a dry recital of statistics which may *pillory* India simply because of its larger population. Mercifully, Amnesty nowadays at least notes that the terrorists also indulge in human rights violations and that India has to cope with several insurgencies *fomented* by a country where the military does not always seem to be under the control of the elected government. True, there is much that is wrong in India's prison system and with the way the terrorist challenge is sometimes met, but the stress should be on activating the self-correcting mechanism within a democracy and not merely on painting a grim, even biased, picture.#8Passage
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow (191–195). Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Amnesty International's charge that 'tens of thousands' of political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, are languishing in Indian jails and that prisoners are routinely tortured in this country has to be seen in a much wider context than the organisation's annual report cares to do. In its overall appraisal of 151 countries, Amnesty has accused 112 of torturing prisoners, 63 of harbouring prisoners of conscience, 61 of resorting to political killings and 53 of detaining people without a trial. Of these apparently *overlapping* categories, India seems to have been excluded from the list of the 61 which undertake political killings. The report has however, pointed out that scores of people in India die of torture in police and military custody and that many also simply disappear. Clearly, only a thin line separates the 61 charged with political murder from the rest. Before coming to such conclusions, however, it may also be necessary to classify the various countries according to their political systems. Torture by the security forces and killings at the behest of the government make no difference to the victims whether they are in a democratic country or a totalitarian one. It is also nobody's case that a democratic country is less *culpable* than a dictatorship in the event of human rights violations. But the point perhaps still needs to be made that torture or 'disappearances' represent a failure of the system in a democracy in contrast to being an integral part of state policy in a country ruled by an autocrat who is answerable to no one. India may be guilty of keeping 'tens of thousands' behind bars and of the other human rights abuses mentioned by Amnesty, but it still remains a qualitatively different place from a totalitarian country. It is in this respect that Amnesty has been less than fair. It has chosen to ignore the distinctions between the good, the bad and the ugly. The openness of Indian society will be evident to anyone who spends half an hour in one of its chaotic market-places or visits the law courts or watches a political rally or reads a newspaper or *strikes up* a conversation with any person on the roads. There is no sense of fear in India, as in a dictatorship. There is also scope for securing relief from the heavy-handed behaviour of the authorities, even if the human rights commission has not yet lived up to expectations. Unless such points are recognised, Amnesty's assessment will seem to be a dry recital of statistics which may *pillory* India simply because of its larger population. Mercifully, Amnesty nowadays at least notes that the terrorists also indulge in human rights violations and that India has to cope with several insurgencies *fomented* by a country where the military does not always seem to be under the control of the elected government. True, there is much that is wrong in India's prison system and with the way the terrorist challenge is sometimes met, but the stress should be on activating the self-correcting mechanism within a democracy and not merely on painting a grim, even biased, picture.#9Passage
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow (191–195). Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Amnesty International's charge that 'tens of thousands' of political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, are languishing in Indian jails and that prisoners are routinely tortured in this country has to be seen in a much wider context than the organisation's annual report cares to do. In its overall appraisal of 151 countries, Amnesty has accused 112 of torturing prisoners, 63 of harbouring prisoners of conscience, 61 of resorting to political killings and 53 of detaining people without a trial. Of these apparently *overlapping* categories, India seems to have been excluded from the list of the 61 which undertake political killings. The report has however, pointed out that scores of people in India die of torture in police and military custody and that many also simply disappear. Clearly, only a thin line separates the 61 charged with political murder from the rest. Before coming to such conclusions, however, it may also be necessary to classify the various countries according to their political systems. Torture by the security forces and killings at the behest of the government make no difference to the victims whether they are in a democratic country or a totalitarian one. It is also nobody's case that a democratic country is less *culpable* than a dictatorship in the event of human rights violations. But the point perhaps still needs to be made that torture or 'disappearances' represent a failure of the system in a democracy in contrast to being an integral part of state policy in a country ruled by an autocrat who is answerable to no one. India may be guilty of keeping 'tens of thousands' behind bars and of the other human rights abuses mentioned by Amnesty, but it still remains a qualitatively different place from a totalitarian country. It is in this respect that Amnesty has been less than fair. It has chosen to ignore the distinctions between the good, the bad and the ugly. The openness of Indian society will be evident to anyone who spends half an hour in one of its chaotic market-places or visits the law courts or watches a political rally or reads a newspaper or *strikes up* a conversation with any person on the roads. There is no sense of fear in India, as in a dictatorship. There is also scope for securing relief from the heavy-handed behaviour of the authorities, even if the human rights commission has not yet lived up to expectations. Unless such points are recognised, Amnesty's assessment will seem to be a dry recital of statistics which may *pillory* India simply because of its larger population. Mercifully, Amnesty nowadays at least notes that the terrorists also indulge in human rights violations and that India has to cope with several insurgencies *fomented* by a country where the military does not always seem to be under the control of the elected government. True, there is much that is wrong in India's prison system and with the way the terrorist challenge is sometimes met, but the stress should be on activating the self-correcting mechanism within a democracy and not merely on painting a grim, even biased, picture.#10Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage and answer the items that follow (191–195). Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Amnesty International's charge that 'tens of thousands' of political prisoners, including prisoners of conscience, are languishing in Indian jails and that prisoners are routinely tortured in this country has to be seen in a much wider context than the organisation's annual report cares to do. In its overall appraisal of 151 countries, Amnesty has accused 112 of torturing prisoners, 63 of harbouring prisoners of conscience, 61 of resorting to political killings and 53 of detaining people without a trial. Of these apparently *overlapping* categories, India seems to have been excluded from the list of the 61 which undertake political killings. The report has however, pointed out that scores of people in India die of torture in police and military custody and that many also simply disappear. Clearly, only a thin line separates the 61 charged with political murder from the rest. Before coming to such conclusions, however, it may also be necessary to classify the various countries according to their political systems. Torture by the security forces and killings at the behest of the government make no difference to the victims whether they are in a democratic country or a totalitarian one. It is also nobody's case that a democratic country is less *culpable* than a dictatorship in the event of human rights violations. But the point perhaps still needs to be made that torture or 'disappearances' represent a failure of the system in a democracy in contrast to being an integral part of state policy in a country ruled by an autocrat who is answerable to no one. India may be guilty of keeping 'tens of thousands' behind bars and of the other human rights abuses mentioned by Amnesty, but it still remains a qualitatively different place from a totalitarian country. It is in this respect that Amnesty has been less than fair. It has chosen to ignore the distinctions between the good, the bad and the ugly. The openness of Indian society will be evident to anyone who spends half an hour in one of its chaotic market-places or visits the law courts or watches a political rally or reads a newspaper or *strikes up* a conversation with any person on the roads. There is no sense of fear in India, as in a dictatorship. There is also scope for securing relief from the heavy-handed behaviour of the authorities, even if the human rights commission has not yet lived up to expectations. Unless such points are recognised, Amnesty's assessment will seem to be a dry recital of statistics which may *pillory* India simply because of its larger population. Mercifully, Amnesty nowadays at least notes that the terrorists also indulge in human rights violations and that India has to cope with several insurgencies *fomented* by a country where the military does not always seem to be under the control of the elected government. True, there is much that is wrong in India's prison system and with the way the terrorist challenge is sometimes met, but the stress should be on activating the self-correcting mechanism within a democracy and not merely on painting a grim, even biased, picture.#11Passage
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it (196–200) : On August 15, 1947, India was granted independence from British colonial *dominance*. This was an event of international significance. From this day onwards, the Indian Union assumed a role in world politics that was appropriate enough to modify the thinking of nations. *Concepts* like *non-alignment*, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful *co-existence* were introduced by India into the international vocabulary. "Our dreams concern India", said the first Prime Minister of the country, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of achieving freedom, "but they also concern the whole world, for the world has become one". Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru to become the first PM of independent India. With his vision of unity of the nation, he became the architect of modern India. It was to be a federal state based on *secularism* – the commitment to an Indian identity, which was above all races, castes, and religions. It was a vision of extraordinary *dimensions*. Both Nehru as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, were well aware that only a firm *anchorage* in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would *trigger* the fall of the whole of South and South-East Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role that goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. It is of international political significance.#12Passage
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it (196–200) : On August 15, 1947, India was granted independence from British colonial *dominance*. This was an event of international significance. From this day onwards, the Indian Union assumed a role in world politics that was appropriate enough to modify the thinking of nations. *Concepts* like *non-alignment*, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful *co-existence* were introduced by India into the international vocabulary. "Our dreams concern India", said the first Prime Minister of the country, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of achieving freedom, "but they also concern the whole world, for the world has become one". Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru to become the first PM of independent India. With his vision of unity of the nation, he became the architect of modern India. It was to be a federal state based on *secularism* – the commitment to an Indian identity, which was above all races, castes, and religions. It was a vision of extraordinary *dimensions*. Both Nehru as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, were well aware that only a firm *anchorage* in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would *trigger* the fall of the whole of South and South-East Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role that goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. It is of international political significance.#13Passage vocabulary
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it (196–200) : On August 15, 1947, India was granted independence from British colonial *dominance*. This was an event of international significance. From this day onwards, the Indian Union assumed a role in world politics that was appropriate enough to modify the thinking of nations. *Concepts* like *non-alignment*, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful *co-existence* were introduced by India into the international vocabulary. "Our dreams concern India", said the first Prime Minister of the country, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of achieving freedom, "but they also concern the whole world, for the world has become one". Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru to become the first PM of independent India. With his vision of unity of the nation, he became the architect of modern India. It was to be a federal state based on *secularism* – the commitment to an Indian identity, which was above all races, castes, and religions. It was a vision of extraordinary *dimensions*. Both Nehru as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, were well aware that only a firm *anchorage* in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would *trigger* the fall of the whole of South and South-East Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role that goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. It is of international political significance.#14Passage vocabulary
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it (196–200) : On August 15, 1947, India was granted independence from British colonial *dominance*. This was an event of international significance. From this day onwards, the Indian Union assumed a role in world politics that was appropriate enough to modify the thinking of nations. *Concepts* like *non-alignment*, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful *co-existence* were introduced by India into the international vocabulary. "Our dreams concern India", said the first Prime Minister of the country, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of achieving freedom, "but they also concern the whole world, for the world has become one". Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru to become the first PM of independent India. With his vision of unity of the nation, he became the architect of modern India. It was to be a federal state based on *secularism* – the commitment to an Indian identity, which was above all races, castes, and religions. It was a vision of extraordinary *dimensions*. Both Nehru as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, were well aware that only a firm *anchorage* in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would *trigger* the fall of the whole of South and South-East Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role that goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. It is of international political significance.#15Passage
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below it (196–200) : On August 15, 1947, India was granted independence from British colonial *dominance*. This was an event of international significance. From this day onwards, the Indian Union assumed a role in world politics that was appropriate enough to modify the thinking of nations. *Concepts* like *non-alignment*, tolerance, non-violence and peaceful *co-existence* were introduced by India into the international vocabulary. "Our dreams concern India", said the first Prime Minister of the country, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of achieving freedom, "but they also concern the whole world, for the world has become one". Mahatma Gandhi chose Nehru to become the first PM of independent India. With his vision of unity of the nation, he became the architect of modern India. It was to be a federal state based on *secularism* – the commitment to an Indian identity, which was above all races, castes, and religions. It was a vision of extraordinary *dimensions*. Both Nehru as well as his daughter and successor, Smt. Indira Gandhi, were well aware that only a firm *anchorage* in the Indian identity could unite the nation and enable it to make an impact on the world. In these days of mutual interdependence, the western powers and America cannot afford to ignore what is happening in this region. It is possible that the fate of the Asian democracies would one day be decided on the banks of the Ganges. If India fails to remain a democracy, this would *trigger* the fall of the whole of South and South-East Asia. That is why the Indian Prime Minister has to play a role that goes well beyond duties related to internal affairs only. It is of international political significance.#16Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (186–190) : Martin was tired after the long walk through the thick Brazilian jungle. As night fell, he came to a swampy place, where he decided to camp. He spread a blanket on the ground and stretched himself out on it. But the place was so full of mosquitoes that he found impossible to sleep. At last, in despair, he sprang into the branches of a nearby three and climbed to the top. Here, to his satisfaction, he found that there were hardly any mosquitoes. The breeze was delightfully cool at this height and he made up his mind to spend the night in the tree. He made a kind of rough couch for himself by tying several branches together, on which he lay down, using his coat as a pillow. The sun had set but there was still some light in the sky. Martin leaned on his elbow and looked down through the leaves. In the waters of the lake, close to the shore, he saw a number of alligators floating quietly. One of the creatures, a huge one, was lying on a high bank of sand, a few yards from the water. Suddenly, Martin heard a rusting near the foot of the tree. A jaguar was creeping stealthily through the bushes. When it reached the edge of the bushes, it halted and then with one great leap, seized the alligator by the soft flesh underneath its tail. The great beast struggled for a few seconds, trying to reach the water and then lay still while the jaguar tore savagely at its tough hide. Martin was surprised to see that the alligator allowed itself to be attacked without trying to fight back. He knew that it could not turn its stiff body around quickly enough to catch the jaguar in its jaws but he wondered how the great reptile could suffer pain so quietly. The alligator seemed to be completely paralyzed. In a few minutes the jaguar retreated a short distance. The alligator made a rush for the water, but the jaguar darted back and caught it again. Martin saw that the jaguar was actually playing with the alligator as a cat plays with a mouse before she kills it. The one-sided fight went on with short intervals and during one of these the alligator almost reached the water, before the jaguar seized it once more. In the short struggle that followed both animals rolled down the bank and fell into the lake. The tables were now turned. The jaguar tried to swim back to the shore, but before it had progressed a few feet the alligator wheeled round, opened its enormous jaws and caught its enemy by the middle. There was a huge splash as the alligator's powerful tail struck the water with great force and one terrible roar of pain, which was suddenly cut short as the alligator dived to the bottom with its prey. Then everything was silent, and only a few ripples in the water remained to tell of the battle that had been fought.#17Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (186–190) : Martin was tired after the long walk through the thick Brazilian jungle. As night fell, he came to a swampy place, where he decided to camp. He spread a blanket on the ground and stretched himself out on it. But the place was so full of mosquitoes that he found impossible to sleep. At last, in despair, he sprang into the branches of a nearby three and climbed to the top. Here, to his satisfaction, he found that there were hardly any mosquitoes. The breeze was delightfully cool at this height and he made up his mind to spend the night in the tree. He made a kind of rough couch for himself by tying several branches together, on which he lay down, using his coat as a pillow. The sun had set but there was still some light in the sky. Martin leaned on his elbow and looked down through the leaves. In the waters of the lake, close to the shore, he saw a number of alligators floating quietly. One of the creatures, a huge one, was lying on a high bank of sand, a few yards from the water. Suddenly, Martin heard a rusting near the foot of the tree. A jaguar was creeping stealthily through the bushes. When it reached the edge of the bushes, it halted and then with one great leap, seized the alligator by the soft flesh underneath its tail. The great beast struggled for a few seconds, trying to reach the water and then lay still while the jaguar tore savagely at its tough hide. Martin was surprised to see that the alligator allowed itself to be attacked without trying to fight back. He knew that it could not turn its stiff body around quickly enough to catch the jaguar in its jaws but he wondered how the great reptile could suffer pain so quietly. The alligator seemed to be completely paralyzed. In a few minutes the jaguar retreated a short distance. The alligator made a rush for the water, but the jaguar darted back and caught it again. Martin saw that the jaguar was actually playing with the alligator as a cat plays with a mouse before she kills it. The one-sided fight went on with short intervals and during one of these the alligator almost reached the water, before the jaguar seized it once more. In the short struggle that followed both animals rolled down the bank and fell into the lake. The tables were now turned. The jaguar tried to swim back to the shore, but before it had progressed a few feet the alligator wheeled round, opened its enormous jaws and caught its enemy by the middle. There was a huge splash as the alligator's powerful tail struck the water with great force and one terrible roar of pain, which was suddenly cut short as the alligator dived to the bottom with its prey. Then everything was silent, and only a few ripples in the water remained to tell of the battle that had been fought.#18Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (186–190) : Martin was tired after the long walk through the thick Brazilian jungle. As night fell, he came to a swampy place, where he decided to camp. He spread a blanket on the ground and stretched himself out on it. But the place was so full of mosquitoes that he found impossible to sleep. At last, in despair, he sprang into the branches of a nearby three and climbed to the top. Here, to his satisfaction, he found that there were hardly any mosquitoes. The breeze was delightfully cool at this height and he made up his mind to spend the night in the tree. He made a kind of rough couch for himself by tying several branches together, on which he lay down, using his coat as a pillow. The sun had set but there was still some light in the sky. Martin leaned on his elbow and looked down through the leaves. In the waters of the lake, close to the shore, he saw a number of alligators floating quietly. One of the creatures, a huge one, was lying on a high bank of sand, a few yards from the water. Suddenly, Martin heard a rusting near the foot of the tree. A jaguar was creeping stealthily through the bushes. When it reached the edge of the bushes, it halted and then with one great leap, seized the alligator by the soft flesh underneath its tail. The great beast struggled for a few seconds, trying to reach the water and then lay still while the jaguar tore savagely at its tough hide. Martin was surprised to see that the alligator allowed itself to be attacked without trying to fight back. He knew that it could not turn its stiff body around quickly enough to catch the jaguar in its jaws but he wondered how the great reptile could suffer pain so quietly. The alligator seemed to be completely paralyzed. In a few minutes the jaguar retreated a short distance. The alligator made a rush for the water, but the jaguar darted back and caught it again. Martin saw that the jaguar was actually playing with the alligator as a cat plays with a mouse before she kills it. The one-sided fight went on with short intervals and during one of these the alligator almost reached the water, before the jaguar seized it once more. In the short struggle that followed both animals rolled down the bank and fell into the lake. The tables were now turned. The jaguar tried to swim back to the shore, but before it had progressed a few feet the alligator wheeled round, opened its enormous jaws and caught its enemy by the middle. There was a huge splash as the alligator's powerful tail struck the water with great force and one terrible roar of pain, which was suddenly cut short as the alligator dived to the bottom with its prey. Then everything was silent, and only a few ripples in the water remained to tell of the battle that had been fought.#19Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (186–190) : Martin was tired after the long walk through the thick Brazilian jungle. As night fell, he came to a swampy place, where he decided to camp. He spread a blanket on the ground and stretched himself out on it. But the place was so full of mosquitoes that he found impossible to sleep. At last, in despair, he sprang into the branches of a nearby three and climbed to the top. Here, to his satisfaction, he found that there were hardly any mosquitoes. The breeze was delightfully cool at this height and he made up his mind to spend the night in the tree. He made a kind of rough couch for himself by tying several branches together, on which he lay down, using his coat as a pillow. The sun had set but there was still some light in the sky. Martin leaned on his elbow and looked down through the leaves. In the waters of the lake, close to the shore, he saw a number of alligators floating quietly. One of the creatures, a huge one, was lying on a high bank of sand, a few yards from the water. Suddenly, Martin heard a rusting near the foot of the tree. A jaguar was creeping stealthily through the bushes. When it reached the edge of the bushes, it halted and then with one great leap, seized the alligator by the soft flesh underneath its tail. The great beast struggled for a few seconds, trying to reach the water and then lay still while the jaguar tore savagely at its tough hide. Martin was surprised to see that the alligator allowed itself to be attacked without trying to fight back. He knew that it could not turn its stiff body around quickly enough to catch the jaguar in its jaws but he wondered how the great reptile could suffer pain so quietly. The alligator seemed to be completely paralyzed. In a few minutes the jaguar retreated a short distance. The alligator made a rush for the water, but the jaguar darted back and caught it again. Martin saw that the jaguar was actually playing with the alligator as a cat plays with a mouse before she kills it. The one-sided fight went on with short intervals and during one of these the alligator almost reached the water, before the jaguar seized it once more. In the short struggle that followed both animals rolled down the bank and fell into the lake. The tables were now turned. The jaguar tried to swim back to the shore, but before it had progressed a few feet the alligator wheeled round, opened its enormous jaws and caught its enemy by the middle. There was a huge splash as the alligator's powerful tail struck the water with great force and one terrible roar of pain, which was suddenly cut short as the alligator dived to the bottom with its prey. Then everything was silent, and only a few ripples in the water remained to tell of the battle that had been fought.#20Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions (186–190) : Martin was tired after the long walk through the thick Brazilian jungle. As night fell, he came to a swampy place, where he decided to camp. He spread a blanket on the ground and stretched himself out on it. But the place was so full of mosquitoes that he found impossible to sleep. At last, in despair, he sprang into the branches of a nearby three and climbed to the top. Here, to his satisfaction, he found that there were hardly any mosquitoes. The breeze was delightfully cool at this height and he made up his mind to spend the night in the tree. He made a kind of rough couch for himself by tying several branches together, on which he lay down, using his coat as a pillow. The sun had set but there was still some light in the sky. Martin leaned on his elbow and looked down through the leaves. In the waters of the lake, close to the shore, he saw a number of alligators floating quietly. One of the creatures, a huge one, was lying on a high bank of sand, a few yards from the water. Suddenly, Martin heard a rusting near the foot of the tree. A jaguar was creeping stealthily through the bushes. When it reached the edge of the bushes, it halted and then with one great leap, seized the alligator by the soft flesh underneath its tail. The great beast struggled for a few seconds, trying to reach the water and then lay still while the jaguar tore savagely at its tough hide. Martin was surprised to see that the alligator allowed itself to be attacked without trying to fight back. He knew that it could not turn its stiff body around quickly enough to catch the jaguar in its jaws but he wondered how the great reptile could suffer pain so quietly. The alligator seemed to be completely paralyzed. In a few minutes the jaguar retreated a short distance. The alligator made a rush for the water, but the jaguar darted back and caught it again. Martin saw that the jaguar was actually playing with the alligator as a cat plays with a mouse before she kills it. The one-sided fight went on with short intervals and during one of these the alligator almost reached the water, before the jaguar seized it once more. In the short struggle that followed both animals rolled down the bank and fell into the lake. The tables were now turned. The jaguar tried to swim back to the shore, but before it had progressed a few feet the alligator wheeled round, opened its enormous jaws and caught its enemy by the middle. There was a huge splash as the alligator's powerful tail struck the water with great force and one terrible roar of pain, which was suddenly cut short as the alligator dived to the bottom with its prey. Then everything was silent, and only a few ripples in the water remained to tell of the battle that had been fought.#21Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in the context of the passage. (questions 191 to 195) : I had now been jobless for nearly eighteen months. Disillusionment had given place to a deepening, poisoning hatred; slowly but surely I was hating these people who could so casually, so unfeelingly deny me the right to earn a living. I was considered too well educated, too good for the lowly jobs, and too black for anything better ......... Caught like an insect in the tweezer grip of prejudice, I felt myself striking out in unreasoning retaliation. I became distrustful of every glance or gesture, seeking to probe behind them to expose the antipathy and intolerance which, I felt sure, was there. I was no longer disposed to extend to English women or elderly people on buses and trains those essential courtesies which, from childhood, I had accorded them as a rightful tribute, and even found myself glaring in undisguised hostility at small children whose innocently enquiring eyes were attracted by my unfamiliar complexion. Fortunately for me, this cancerous condition was not allowed to establish itself firmly. Every now and then, and inspite of myself, some person or persons would say or do something so utterly unselfish and friendly that I would temporarily forget my difficulties and hurts. It was from such an unexpected quarter that I received the helpful advice which changed the whole course of my life. I had been sitting beside the lake in St. James's Park, idly watching the ducks as they dived for the bits of food thrown to them by passers-by. Near me was seated a thin, bespectacled old gentleman who occasionally commented on the colour or habits of various species. He sounded quite knowledgeable, but I was in no mood for that sort of thing, and mentally dismissed him as just a garrulous old crank. He did not seem to mind my unresponsive attitude, however, and presently addressed me directly. "Been in England long, young man ?" I turned to look at him with what I hoped was a sufficiently cutting glance to discourage his overtures ; I did not feel at all like conversation, especially on the very painful subject of being in England.#22Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in the context of the passage. (questions 191 to 195) : I had now been jobless for nearly eighteen months. Disillusionment had given place to a deepening, poisoning hatred; slowly but surely I was hating these people who could so casually, so unfeelingly deny me the right to earn a living. I was considered too well educated, too good for the lowly jobs, and too black for anything better ......... Caught like an insect in the tweezer grip of prejudice, I felt myself striking out in unreasoning retaliation. I became distrustful of every glance or gesture, seeking to probe behind them to expose the antipathy and intolerance which, I felt sure, was there. I was no longer disposed to extend to English women or elderly people on buses and trains those essential courtesies which, from childhood, I had accorded them as a rightful tribute, and even found myself glaring in undisguised hostility at small children whose innocently enquiring eyes were attracted by my unfamiliar complexion. Fortunately for me, this cancerous condition was not allowed to establish itself firmly. Every now and then, and inspite of myself, some person or persons would say or do something so utterly unselfish and friendly that I would temporarily forget my difficulties and hurts. It was from such an unexpected quarter that I received the helpful advice which changed the whole course of my life. I had been sitting beside the lake in St. James's Park, idly watching the ducks as they dived for the bits of food thrown to them by passers-by. Near me was seated a thin, bespectacled old gentleman who occasionally commented on the colour or habits of various species. He sounded quite knowledgeable, but I was in no mood for that sort of thing, and mentally dismissed him as just a garrulous old crank. He did not seem to mind my unresponsive attitude, however, and presently addressed me directly. "Been in England long, young man ?" I turned to look at him with what I hoped was a sufficiently cutting glance to discourage his overtures ; I did not feel at all like conversation, especially on the very painful subject of being in England.#23Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in the context of the passage. (questions 191 to 195) : I had now been jobless for nearly eighteen months. Disillusionment had given place to a deepening, poisoning hatred; slowly but surely I was hating these people who could so casually, so unfeelingly deny me the right to earn a living. I was considered too well educated, too good for the lowly jobs, and too black for anything better ......... Caught like an insect in the tweezer grip of prejudice, I felt myself striking out in unreasoning retaliation. I became distrustful of every glance or gesture, seeking to probe behind them to expose the antipathy and intolerance which, I felt sure, was there. I was no longer disposed to extend to English women or elderly people on buses and trains those essential courtesies which, from childhood, I had accorded them as a rightful tribute, and even found myself glaring in undisguised hostility at small children whose innocently enquiring eyes were attracted by my unfamiliar complexion. Fortunately for me, this cancerous condition was not allowed to establish itself firmly. Every now and then, and inspite of myself, some person or persons would say or do something so utterly unselfish and friendly that I would temporarily forget my difficulties and hurts. It was from such an unexpected quarter that I received the helpful advice which changed the whole course of my life. I had been sitting beside the lake in St. James's Park, idly watching the ducks as they dived for the bits of food thrown to them by passers-by. Near me was seated a thin, bespectacled old gentleman who occasionally commented on the colour or habits of various species. He sounded quite knowledgeable, but I was in no mood for that sort of thing, and mentally dismissed him as just a garrulous old crank. He did not seem to mind my unresponsive attitude, however, and presently addressed me directly. "Been in England long, young man ?" I turned to look at him with what I hoped was a sufficiently cutting glance to discourage his overtures ; I did not feel at all like conversation, especially on the very painful subject of being in England.#24Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in the context of the passage. (questions 191 to 195) : I had now been jobless for nearly eighteen months. Disillusionment had given place to a deepening, poisoning hatred; slowly but surely I was hating these people who could so casually, so unfeelingly deny me the right to earn a living. I was considered too well educated, too good for the lowly jobs, and too black for anything better ......... Caught like an insect in the tweezer grip of prejudice, I felt myself striking out in unreasoning retaliation. I became distrustful of every glance or gesture, seeking to probe behind them to expose the antipathy and intolerance which, I felt sure, was there. I was no longer disposed to extend to English women or elderly people on buses and trains those essential courtesies which, from childhood, I had accorded them as a rightful tribute, and even found myself glaring in undisguised hostility at small children whose innocently enquiring eyes were attracted by my unfamiliar complexion. Fortunately for me, this cancerous condition was not allowed to establish itself firmly. Every now and then, and inspite of myself, some person or persons would say or do something so utterly unselfish and friendly that I would temporarily forget my difficulties and hurts. It was from such an unexpected quarter that I received the helpful advice which changed the whole course of my life. I had been sitting beside the lake in St. James's Park, idly watching the ducks as they dived for the bits of food thrown to them by passers-by. Near me was seated a thin, bespectacled old gentleman who occasionally commented on the colour or habits of various species. He sounded quite knowledgeable, but I was in no mood for that sort of thing, and mentally dismissed him as just a garrulous old crank. He did not seem to mind my unresponsive attitude, however, and presently addressed me directly. "Been in England long, young man ?" I turned to look at him with what I hoped was a sufficiently cutting glance to discourage his overtures ; I did not feel at all like conversation, especially on the very painful subject of being in England.#25Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below in the context of the passage. (questions 191 to 195) : I had now been jobless for nearly eighteen months. Disillusionment had given place to a deepening, poisoning hatred; slowly but surely I was hating these people who could so casually, so unfeelingly deny me the right to earn a living. I was considered too well educated, too good for the lowly jobs, and too black for anything better ......... Caught like an insect in the tweezer grip of prejudice, I felt myself striking out in unreasoning retaliation. I became distrustful of every glance or gesture, seeking to probe behind them to expose the antipathy and intolerance which, I felt sure, was there. I was no longer disposed to extend to English women or elderly people on buses and trains those essential courtesies which, from childhood, I had accorded them as a rightful tribute, and even found myself glaring in undisguised hostility at small children whose innocently enquiring eyes were attracted by my unfamiliar complexion. Fortunately for me, this cancerous condition was not allowed to establish itself firmly. Every now and then, and inspite of myself, some person or persons would say or do something so utterly unselfish and friendly that I would temporarily forget my difficulties and hurts. It was from such an unexpected quarter that I received the helpful advice which changed the whole course of my life. I had been sitting beside the lake in St. James's Park, idly watching the ducks as they dived for the bits of food thrown to them by passers-by. Near me was seated a thin, bespectacled old gentleman who occasionally commented on the colour or habits of various species. He sounded quite knowledgeable, but I was in no mood for that sort of thing, and mentally dismissed him as just a garrulous old crank. He did not seem to mind my unresponsive attitude, however, and presently addressed me directly. "Been in England long, young man ?" I turned to look at him with what I hoped was a sufficiently cutting glance to discourage his overtures ; I did not feel at all like conversation, especially on the very painful subject of being in England.#26Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions 196 to 200 given below : After lunch, without waiting to get permission from their parents, the two boys set off to explore the part of the beach, which lay beyond the head land. They persuaded their young sister to stay behind saying that the longwalk would be too tiring for her. Once they had passed beyond the head land, the beach stretched away endlessly in front of them. It was like discovering a new world. And what exciting things there were to do ! There were damp, dark cover to explore, in each of which they expected to come across smugglers hiding ; there were innumerable pools among the rocks, full of small fish and other sea creatures ; and scattered along the beach, there were all those strange, yet common place, objects which were washed up and left by the tide. The afternoon passed quickly, and the sun was going to set down, when the two boys reluctantly decided to turn back and make their way homewards. Long before they reached the head land, they could see that the tide had come in so far that they were now cut off from the other part of the beach. They looked at each other in dismay. It was useless to go on. Since clearly there was no way of getting beyond the head land. If on the other hand, they went back the way they had just come, the tide would come in long before they reached the end of the beach. Their only chance of escape was to find a way up the cliff, which in some places was not very steep. At least, they might be able to climb high enough to be out of reach of the waves, which were coming closer all the time. In less than ten minutes, they found a narrow path which seemed to head all the way to the cliff top. But their troubles were not yet over. The two boys at once again began shouting at the top of their voices, hoping that someone walking along the cliff top might hear them. They were both surprised, however, when their father's face appeared over the top of the rock. He told them not to move until he came back. In a short while, he reappeared with two policemen, one of them climbed down a rope which was lowered over the rock. The two boys were then pulled up to safety. At the top of the cliff they found their anxious mother and, with her, their young sister. She had told her parents where they had gone and thus saved them for spending a wet night on the cliff.#27Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions 196 to 200 given below : After lunch, without waiting to get permission from their parents, the two boys set off to explore the part of the beach, which lay beyond the head land. They persuaded their young sister to stay behind saying that the longwalk would be too tiring for her. Once they had passed beyond the head land, the beach stretched away endlessly in front of them. It was like discovering a new world. And what exciting things there were to do ! There were damp, dark cover to explore, in each of which they expected to come across smugglers hiding ; there were innumerable pools among the rocks, full of small fish and other sea creatures ; and scattered along the beach, there were all those strange, yet common place, objects which were washed up and left by the tide. The afternoon passed quickly, and the sun was going to set down, when the two boys reluctantly decided to turn back and make their way homewards. Long before they reached the head land, they could see that the tide had come in so far that they were now cut off from the other part of the beach. They looked at each other in dismay. It was useless to go on. Since clearly there was no way of getting beyond the head land. If on the other hand, they went back the way they had just come, the tide would come in long before they reached the end of the beach. Their only chance of escape was to find a way up the cliff, which in some places was not very steep. At least, they might be able to climb high enough to be out of reach of the waves, which were coming closer all the time. In less than ten minutes, they found a narrow path which seemed to head all the way to the cliff top. But their troubles were not yet over. The two boys at once again began shouting at the top of their voices, hoping that someone walking along the cliff top might hear them. They were both surprised, however, when their father's face appeared over the top of the rock. He told them not to move until he came back. In a short while, he reappeared with two policemen, one of them climbed down a rope which was lowered over the rock. The two boys were then pulled up to safety. At the top of the cliff they found their anxious mother and, with her, their young sister. She had told her parents where they had gone and thus saved them for spending a wet night on the cliff.#28Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions 196 to 200 given below : After lunch, without waiting to get permission from their parents, the two boys set off to explore the part of the beach, which lay beyond the head land. They persuaded their young sister to stay behind saying that the longwalk would be too tiring for her. Once they had passed beyond the head land, the beach stretched away endlessly in front of them. It was like discovering a new world. And what exciting things there were to do ! There were damp, dark cover to explore, in each of which they expected to come across smugglers hiding ; there were innumerable pools among the rocks, full of small fish and other sea creatures ; and scattered along the beach, there were all those strange, yet common place, objects which were washed up and left by the tide. The afternoon passed quickly, and the sun was going to set down, when the two boys reluctantly decided to turn back and make their way homewards. Long before they reached the head land, they could see that the tide had come in so far that they were now cut off from the other part of the beach. They looked at each other in dismay. It was useless to go on. Since clearly there was no way of getting beyond the head land. If on the other hand, they went back the way they had just come, the tide would come in long before they reached the end of the beach. Their only chance of escape was to find a way up the cliff, which in some places was not very steep. At least, they might be able to climb high enough to be out of reach of the waves, which were coming closer all the time. In less than ten minutes, they found a narrow path which seemed to head all the way to the cliff top. But their troubles were not yet over. The two boys at once again began shouting at the top of their voices, hoping that someone walking along the cliff top might hear them. They were both surprised, however, when their father's face appeared over the top of the rock. He told them not to move until he came back. In a short while, he reappeared with two policemen, one of them climbed down a rope which was lowered over the rock. The two boys were then pulled up to safety. At the top of the cliff they found their anxious mother and, with her, their young sister. She had told her parents where they had gone and thus saved them for spending a wet night on the cliff.#29Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions 196 to 200 given below : After lunch, without waiting to get permission from their parents, the two boys set off to explore the part of the beach, which lay beyond the head land. They persuaded their young sister to stay behind saying that the longwalk would be too tiring for her. Once they had passed beyond the head land, the beach stretched away endlessly in front of them. It was like discovering a new world. And what exciting things there were to do ! There were damp, dark cover to explore, in each of which they expected to come across smugglers hiding ; there were innumerable pools among the rocks, full of small fish and other sea creatures ; and scattered along the beach, there were all those strange, yet common place, objects which were washed up and left by the tide. The afternoon passed quickly, and the sun was going to set down, when the two boys reluctantly decided to turn back and make their way homewards. Long before they reached the head land, they could see that the tide had come in so far that they were now cut off from the other part of the beach. They looked at each other in dismay. It was useless to go on. Since clearly there was no way of getting beyond the head land. If on the other hand, they went back the way they had just come, the tide would come in long before they reached the end of the beach. Their only chance of escape was to find a way up the cliff, which in some places was not very steep. At least, they might be able to climb high enough to be out of reach of the waves, which were coming closer all the time. In less than ten minutes, they found a narrow path which seemed to head all the way to the cliff top. But their troubles were not yet over. The two boys at once again began shouting at the top of their voices, hoping that someone walking along the cliff top might hear them. They were both surprised, however, when their father's face appeared over the top of the rock. He told them not to move until he came back. In a short while, he reappeared with two policemen, one of them climbed down a rope which was lowered over the rock. The two boys were then pulled up to safety. At the top of the cliff they found their anxious mother and, with her, their young sister. She had told her parents where they had gone and thus saved them for spending a wet night on the cliff.#30Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions 196 to 200 given below : After lunch, without waiting to get permission from their parents, the two boys set off to explore the part of the beach, which lay beyond the head land. They persuaded their young sister to stay behind saying that the longwalk would be too tiring for her. Once they had passed beyond the head land, the beach stretched away endlessly in front of them. It was like discovering a new world. And what exciting things there were to do ! There were damp, dark cover to explore, in each of which they expected to come across smugglers hiding ; there were innumerable pools among the rocks, full of small fish and other sea creatures ; and scattered along the beach, there were all those strange, yet common place, objects which were washed up and left by the tide. The afternoon passed quickly, and the sun was going to set down, when the two boys reluctantly decided to turn back and make their way homewards. Long before they reached the head land, they could see that the tide had come in so far that they were now cut off from the other part of the beach. They looked at each other in dismay. It was useless to go on. Since clearly there was no way of getting beyond the head land. If on the other hand, they went back the way they had just come, the tide would come in long before they reached the end of the beach. Their only chance of escape was to find a way up the cliff, which in some places was not very steep. At least, they might be able to climb high enough to be out of reach of the waves, which were coming closer all the time. In less than ten minutes, they found a narrow path which seemed to head all the way to the cliff top. But their troubles were not yet over. The two boys at once again began shouting at the top of their voices, hoping that someone walking along the cliff top might hear them. They were both surprised, however, when their father's face appeared over the top of the rock. He told them not to move until he came back. In a short while, he reappeared with two policemen, one of them climbed down a rope which was lowered over the rock. The two boys were then pulled up to safety. At the top of the cliff they found their anxious mother and, with her, their young sister. She had told her parents where they had gone and thus saved them for spending a wet night on the cliff.#31Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. "People very often complain that poverty is a great evil and that it is not possible to be happy unless one has a lot of money. Actually, this is not necessarily true. Even a poor man, living in a small hut with none of the comforts and luxuries of life, may be quite contented with his lot and achieve a measure of happiness. On the other hand, a very rich man, living in a palace, and enjoying everything that money can buy, may still be miserable, if, for example, he does not enjoy good health, or his only son has taken to evil ways. Apart from this, he may have a lot of business worries which keep him on tenterhooks most of the time. There is a limit to what money can buy and there are many things which are necessary for a man's happiness and which money cannot procure. Real happiness is a matter of the right attitude, and the capacity of being contented with whatever you have is the most important ingredient of this attitude".#32Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. "People very often complain that poverty is a great evil and that it is not possible to be happy unless one has a lot of money. Actually, this is not necessarily true. Even a poor man, living in a small hut with none of the comforts and luxuries of life, may be quite contented with his lot and achieve a measure of happiness. On the other hand, a very rich man, living in a palace, and enjoying everything that money can buy, may still be miserable, if, for example, he does not enjoy good health, or his only son has taken to evil ways. Apart from this, he may have a lot of business worries which keep him on tenterhooks most of the time. There is a limit to what money can buy and there are many things which are necessary for a man's happiness and which money cannot procure. Real happiness is a matter of the right attitude, and the capacity of being contented with whatever you have is the most important ingredient of this attitude".#33Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. "People very often complain that poverty is a great evil and that it is not possible to be happy unless one has a lot of money. Actually, this is not necessarily true. Even a poor man, living in a small hut with none of the comforts and luxuries of life, may be quite contented with his lot and achieve a measure of happiness. On the other hand, a very rich man, living in a palace, and enjoying everything that money can buy, may still be miserable, if, for example, he does not enjoy good health, or his only son has taken to evil ways. Apart from this, he may have a lot of business worries which keep him on tenterhooks most of the time. There is a limit to what money can buy and there are many things which are necessary for a man's happiness and which money cannot procure. Real happiness is a matter of the right attitude, and the capacity of being contented with whatever you have is the most important ingredient of this attitude".#34Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. "People very often complain that poverty is a great evil and that it is not possible to be happy unless one has a lot of money. Actually, this is not necessarily true. Even a poor man, living in a small hut with none of the comforts and luxuries of life, may be quite contented with his lot and achieve a measure of happiness. On the other hand, a very rich man, living in a palace, and enjoying everything that money can buy, may still be miserable, if, for example, he does not enjoy good health, or his only son has taken to evil ways. Apart from this, he may have a lot of business worries which keep him on tenterhooks most of the time. There is a limit to what money can buy and there are many things which are necessary for a man's happiness and which money cannot procure. Real happiness is a matter of the right attitude, and the capacity of being contented with whatever you have is the most important ingredient of this attitude".#35Passage
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. "People very often complain that poverty is a great evil and that it is not possible to be happy unless one has a lot of money. Actually, this is not necessarily true. Even a poor man, living in a small hut with none of the comforts and luxuries of life, may be quite contented with his lot and achieve a measure of happiness. On the other hand, a very rich man, living in a palace, and enjoying everything that money can buy, may still be miserable, if, for example, he does not enjoy good health, or his only son has taken to evil ways. Apart from this, he may have a lot of business worries which keep him on tenterhooks most of the time. There is a limit to what money can buy and there are many things which are necessary for a man's happiness and which money cannot procure. Real happiness is a matter of the right attitude, and the capacity of being contented with whatever you have is the most important ingredient of this attitude".#36Passage
Directions for the question number 96 to 100 : Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow : India is a difficult country to characterize, and Indians not easy to define, especially today when they are in transition, emerging from the shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The book is an attempt to try and understand who we really are, in the context of the past, and the framework of the future. The task is fraught with dangers. India is too big and too diverse to allow for convenient cover-all labels. To every generalization there is a notable exception. For every similarity there is a significant difference. I would like, therefore, to apologize in advance for anything in this book which hurts the sentiments of some, or appears to be contrary to their perception about themselves. My only consideration has been to paint as truthful a portrait as possible, but I accept that truth is not universal and could have notable exception. I must mention too that I have on occasions used the word Hindu and India interchangeably. This is not motivated by any chauvinism, but only because such a large majority of Indians are Hindus. In any case, there are traits which are decidedly Indian, and are applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs. India appears to be on the threshold of take-off today, but the reasons for this have to go beyond the euphoria of the current 'feel-good' wave. In analyzing a people who have been in the crucible of history for millennia, no picture can be starkly black or white. Not everything can be right and not everything wrong. The challenge is to draw a balance sheet calculated on the foundational strengths of a people, and to essay the arguments that in spite of the obvious weaknesses, the strengths would prevail. Culture, history and the structure of society play a vital role in this calculation. So does the innate resilience of a people, and their aspirations and ambitions. In our case we must also take into account our inexplicable talent to muddle through, the ability to convert weakness into strength, and of course, luck.#37Passage
Directions for the question number 96 to 100 : Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow : India is a difficult country to characterize, and Indians not easy to define, especially today when they are in transition, emerging from the shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The book is an attempt to try and understand who we really are, in the context of the past, and the framework of the future. The task is fraught with dangers. India is too big and too diverse to allow for convenient cover-all labels. To every generalization there is a notable exception. For every similarity there is a significant difference. I would like, therefore, to apologize in advance for anything in this book which hurts the sentiments of some, or appears to be contrary to their perception about themselves. My only consideration has been to paint as truthful a portrait as possible, but I accept that truth is not universal and could have notable exception. I must mention too that I have on occasions used the word Hindu and India interchangeably. This is not motivated by any chauvinism, but only because such a large majority of Indians are Hindus. In any case, there are traits which are decidedly Indian, and are applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs. India appears to be on the threshold of take-off today, but the reasons for this have to go beyond the euphoria of the current 'feel-good' wave. In analyzing a people who have been in the crucible of history for millennia, no picture can be starkly black or white. Not everything can be right and not everything wrong. The challenge is to draw a balance sheet calculated on the foundational strengths of a people, and to essay the arguments that in spite of the obvious weaknesses, the strengths would prevail. Culture, history and the structure of society play a vital role in this calculation. So does the innate resilience of a people, and their aspirations and ambitions. In our case we must also take into account our inexplicable talent to muddle through, the ability to convert weakness into strength, and of course, luck.#38Passage
Directions for the question number 96 to 100 : Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow : India is a difficult country to characterize, and Indians not easy to define, especially today when they are in transition, emerging from the shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The book is an attempt to try and understand who we really are, in the context of the past, and the framework of the future. The task is fraught with dangers. India is too big and too diverse to allow for convenient cover-all labels. To every generalization there is a notable exception. For every similarity there is a significant difference. I would like, therefore, to apologize in advance for anything in this book which hurts the sentiments of some, or appears to be contrary to their perception about themselves. My only consideration has been to paint as truthful a portrait as possible, but I accept that truth is not universal and could have notable exception. I must mention too that I have on occasions used the word Hindu and India interchangeably. This is not motivated by any chauvinism, but only because such a large majority of Indians are Hindus. In any case, there are traits which are decidedly Indian, and are applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs. India appears to be on the threshold of take-off today, but the reasons for this have to go beyond the euphoria of the current 'feel-good' wave. In analyzing a people who have been in the crucible of history for millennia, no picture can be starkly black or white. Not everything can be right and not everything wrong. The challenge is to draw a balance sheet calculated on the foundational strengths of a people, and to essay the arguments that in spite of the obvious weaknesses, the strengths would prevail. Culture, history and the structure of society play a vital role in this calculation. So does the innate resilience of a people, and their aspirations and ambitions. In our case we must also take into account our inexplicable talent to muddle through, the ability to convert weakness into strength, and of course, luck.#39Passage
Directions for the question number 96 to 100 : Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow : India is a difficult country to characterize, and Indians not easy to define, especially today when they are in transition, emerging from the shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The book is an attempt to try and understand who we really are, in the context of the past, and the framework of the future. The task is fraught with dangers. India is too big and too diverse to allow for convenient cover-all labels. To every generalization there is a notable exception. For every similarity there is a significant difference. I would like, therefore, to apologize in advance for anything in this book which hurts the sentiments of some, or appears to be contrary to their perception about themselves. My only consideration has been to paint as truthful a portrait as possible, but I accept that truth is not universal and could have notable exception. I must mention too that I have on occasions used the word Hindu and India interchangeably. This is not motivated by any chauvinism, but only because such a large majority of Indians are Hindus. In any case, there are traits which are decidedly Indian, and are applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs. India appears to be on the threshold of take-off today, but the reasons for this have to go beyond the euphoria of the current 'feel-good' wave. In analyzing a people who have been in the crucible of history for millennia, no picture can be starkly black or white. Not everything can be right and not everything wrong. The challenge is to draw a balance sheet calculated on the foundational strengths of a people, and to essay the arguments that in spite of the obvious weaknesses, the strengths would prevail. Culture, history and the structure of society play a vital role in this calculation. So does the innate resilience of a people, and their aspirations and ambitions. In our case we must also take into account our inexplicable talent to muddle through, the ability to convert weakness into strength, and of course, luck.#40Passage
Directions for the question number 96 to 100 : Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow : India is a difficult country to characterize, and Indians not easy to define, especially today when they are in transition, emerging from the shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The book is an attempt to try and understand who we really are, in the context of the past, and the framework of the future. The task is fraught with dangers. India is too big and too diverse to allow for convenient cover-all labels. To every generalization there is a notable exception. For every similarity there is a significant difference. I would like, therefore, to apologize in advance for anything in this book which hurts the sentiments of some, or appears to be contrary to their perception about themselves. My only consideration has been to paint as truthful a portrait as possible, but I accept that truth is not universal and could have notable exception. I must mention too that I have on occasions used the word Hindu and India interchangeably. This is not motivated by any chauvinism, but only because such a large majority of Indians are Hindus. In any case, there are traits which are decidedly Indian, and are applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs. India appears to be on the threshold of take-off today, but the reasons for this have to go beyond the euphoria of the current 'feel-good' wave. In analyzing a people who have been in the crucible of history for millennia, no picture can be starkly black or white. Not everything can be right and not everything wrong. The challenge is to draw a balance sheet calculated on the foundational strengths of a people, and to essay the arguments that in spite of the obvious weaknesses, the strengths would prevail. Culture, history and the structure of society play a vital role in this calculation. So does the innate resilience of a people, and their aspirations and ambitions. In our case we must also take into account our inexplicable talent to muddle through, the ability to convert weakness into strength, and of course, luck.#41Passage
Read the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of information provided in the passage. Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. So when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them. One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra-workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good ? There's more. Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout everytime you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the neural paths from your brain's command centres to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely-tuned piece of machinery, whirring along without any break-down. In today's stress filled world, you need all the help you can get.#42Passage vocabulary
Read the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of information provided in the passage. Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. So when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them. One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra-workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good ? There's more. Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout everytime you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the neural paths from your brain's command centres to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely-tuned piece of machinery, whirring along without any break-down. In today's stress filled world, you need all the help you can get.#43Passage
Read the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of information provided in the passage. Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. So when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them. One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra-workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good ? There's more. Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout everytime you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the neural paths from your brain's command centres to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely-tuned piece of machinery, whirring along without any break-down. In today's stress filled world, you need all the help you can get.#44Passage
Read the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of information provided in the passage. Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. So when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them. One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra-workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good ? There's more. Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout everytime you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the neural paths from your brain's command centres to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely-tuned piece of machinery, whirring along without any break-down. In today's stress filled world, you need all the help you can get.#45Passage
Read the following passage and answer the following questions on the basis of information provided in the passage. Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to deal more effectively with that stress. So when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of muscle fibres become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them. One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will adapt to this extra-workload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to perform its daily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good ? There's more. Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout everytime you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency. Even the neural paths from your brain's command centres to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier recruitment of muscle fibres for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your body becomes a well-oiled and finely-tuned piece of machinery, whirring along without any break-down. In today's stress filled world, you need all the help you can get.#46Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 96 - 100 : The plain fact of the situation is that if human beings go on picking flowers as greedily as they do at present, there will be few flowers left in the country to pick. There is the same argument for forbidding people to pick flowers or at least forbidding them to pick flowers by the basketful or to dig them by the roots — as there is for forbidding people to cut the pictures in the National Gallery out of their frames and to take them home with them. Anyone with a sense of beauty must have longed to carry off a picture from a public gallery. What beauty it would lend to the home ? How much lovelier it would seem there than on the dull walls of a crowded gallery ? There is only one argument against taking it — that there are not enough good pictures to go round. And we have now reached a stage at which there are not enough flowers to go round. In the old days, a meadow of wild daffodils was lavish beyond the needs of countryside. With the popularization of the bicycle began the invasion of the country by the hordes of the town and no sooner were the daffodils in flower than long processions of cyclists bore down on them and went home with the blooms as trophies on their handle-bars. And now that the motor-car has been added to the bicycle, the pillage of the fields is increasing ten-fold. Roots are dug up and carried off to add to the amenities of a suburban garden. Primroses and bluebells are torn from the wayside to die on a drawing room table. Common sense suggests, indeed, that we should be at pains to preserve the flowers of the countryside. I am not sure that it would be a bad thing to forbid the sale of wild flowers for the increasing sale of wild flowers has undoubtedly helped to diminish and destroy them. There are enough flowers grown in gardens to fill all the bowls and vases in the towns, and there is no need to raid the fields for such purposes.#47Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 96 - 100 : The plain fact of the situation is that if human beings go on picking flowers as greedily as they do at present, there will be few flowers left in the country to pick. There is the same argument for forbidding people to pick flowers or at least forbidding them to pick flowers by the basketful or to dig them by the roots — as there is for forbidding people to cut the pictures in the National Gallery out of their frames and to take them home with them. Anyone with a sense of beauty must have longed to carry off a picture from a public gallery. What beauty it would lend to the home ? How much lovelier it would seem there than on the dull walls of a crowded gallery ? There is only one argument against taking it — that there are not enough good pictures to go round. And we have now reached a stage at which there are not enough flowers to go round. In the old days, a meadow of wild daffodils was lavish beyond the needs of countryside. With the popularization of the bicycle began the invasion of the country by the hordes of the town and no sooner were the daffodils in flower than long processions of cyclists bore down on them and went home with the blooms as trophies on their handle-bars. And now that the motor-car has been added to the bicycle, the pillage of the fields is increasing ten-fold. Roots are dug up and carried off to add to the amenities of a suburban garden. Primroses and bluebells are torn from the wayside to die on a drawing room table. Common sense suggests, indeed, that we should be at pains to preserve the flowers of the countryside. I am not sure that it would be a bad thing to forbid the sale of wild flowers for the increasing sale of wild flowers has undoubtedly helped to diminish and destroy them. There are enough flowers grown in gardens to fill all the bowls and vases in the towns, and there is no need to raid the fields for such purposes.#48Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 96 - 100 : The plain fact of the situation is that if human beings go on picking flowers as greedily as they do at present, there will be few flowers left in the country to pick. There is the same argument for forbidding people to pick flowers or at least forbidding them to pick flowers by the basketful or to dig them by the roots — as there is for forbidding people to cut the pictures in the National Gallery out of their frames and to take them home with them. Anyone with a sense of beauty must have longed to carry off a picture from a public gallery. What beauty it would lend to the home ? How much lovelier it would seem there than on the dull walls of a crowded gallery ? There is only one argument against taking it — that there are not enough good pictures to go round. And we have now reached a stage at which there are not enough flowers to go round. In the old days, a meadow of wild daffodils was lavish beyond the needs of countryside. With the popularization of the bicycle began the invasion of the country by the hordes of the town and no sooner were the daffodils in flower than long processions of cyclists bore down on them and went home with the blooms as trophies on their handle-bars. And now that the motor-car has been added to the bicycle, the pillage of the fields is increasing ten-fold. Roots are dug up and carried off to add to the amenities of a suburban garden. Primroses and bluebells are torn from the wayside to die on a drawing room table. Common sense suggests, indeed, that we should be at pains to preserve the flowers of the countryside. I am not sure that it would be a bad thing to forbid the sale of wild flowers for the increasing sale of wild flowers has undoubtedly helped to diminish and destroy them. There are enough flowers grown in gardens to fill all the bowls and vases in the towns, and there is no need to raid the fields for such purposes.#49Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 96 - 100 : The plain fact of the situation is that if human beings go on picking flowers as greedily as they do at present, there will be few flowers left in the country to pick. There is the same argument for forbidding people to pick flowers or at least forbidding them to pick flowers by the basketful or to dig them by the roots — as there is for forbidding people to cut the pictures in the National Gallery out of their frames and to take them home with them. Anyone with a sense of beauty must have longed to carry off a picture from a public gallery. What beauty it would lend to the home ? How much lovelier it would seem there than on the dull walls of a crowded gallery ? There is only one argument against taking it — that there are not enough good pictures to go round. And we have now reached a stage at which there are not enough flowers to go round. In the old days, a meadow of wild daffodils was lavish beyond the needs of countryside. With the popularization of the bicycle began the invasion of the country by the hordes of the town and no sooner were the daffodils in flower than long processions of cyclists bore down on them and went home with the blooms as trophies on their handle-bars. And now that the motor-car has been added to the bicycle, the pillage of the fields is increasing ten-fold. Roots are dug up and carried off to add to the amenities of a suburban garden. Primroses and bluebells are torn from the wayside to die on a drawing room table. Common sense suggests, indeed, that we should be at pains to preserve the flowers of the countryside. I am not sure that it would be a bad thing to forbid the sale of wild flowers for the increasing sale of wild flowers has undoubtedly helped to diminish and destroy them. There are enough flowers grown in gardens to fill all the bowls and vases in the towns, and there is no need to raid the fields for such purposes.#50Passage
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 96 - 100 : The plain fact of the situation is that if human beings go on picking flowers as greedily as they do at present, there will be few flowers left in the country to pick. There is the same argument for forbidding people to pick flowers or at least forbidding them to pick flowers by the basketful or to dig them by the roots — as there is for forbidding people to cut the pictures in the National Gallery out of their frames and to take them home with them. Anyone with a sense of beauty must have longed to carry off a picture from a public gallery. What beauty it would lend to the home ? How much lovelier it would seem there than on the dull walls of a crowded gallery ? There is only one argument against taking it — that there are not enough good pictures to go round. And we have now reached a stage at which there are not enough flowers to go round. In the old days, a meadow of wild daffodils was lavish beyond the needs of countryside. With the popularization of the bicycle began the invasion of the country by the hordes of the town and no sooner were the daffodils in flower than long processions of cyclists bore down on them and went home with the blooms as trophies on their handle-bars. And now that the motor-car has been added to the bicycle, the pillage of the fields is increasing ten-fold. Roots are dug up and carried off to add to the amenities of a suburban garden. Primroses and bluebells are torn from the wayside to die on a drawing room table. Common sense suggests, indeed, that we should be at pains to preserve the flowers of the countryside. I am not sure that it would be a bad thing to forbid the sale of wild flowers for the increasing sale of wild flowers has undoubtedly helped to diminish and destroy them. There are enough flowers grown in gardens to fill all the bowls and vases in the towns, and there is no need to raid the fields for such purposes.
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