Comprehension
100 UGC NET General Paper previous year questions (PYQs) from 20 papers in 2024, with answers and worked solutions.
About this chapter
- Difficulty: 95 easy · 5 moderate.
- Most-asked subtopic: Reading comprehension (100).
- Updated 10 November 2026.
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#1EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they-or any other union, for that matter-are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power. There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month-once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights. During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan-Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922. Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere-equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.#2EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they-or any other union, for that matter-are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power. There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month-once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights. During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan-Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922. Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere-equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.#3EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they-or any other union, for that matter-are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power. There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month-once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights. During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan-Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922. Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere-equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.#4EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they-or any other union, for that matter-are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power. There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month-once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights. During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan-Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922. Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere-equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.#5EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below : Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they-or any other union, for that matter-are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power. There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month-once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights. During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan-Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922. Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere-equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.#6EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Folk traditions provide and create a public space where some broader social values could be generated and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing into focus ideas, values and contentions into public discourse, a kind of unshackling of inhibitions in a stress-free manner. The changes that modernity brings in its wake become more socially acceptable and the conflicts that are created find a medium through which they can be resolved. This public space or sphere has many constructive and pleasurable uses. Politics and religion are notable instances in which the creation and sustenance of public space or sphere is very important to achieve some agenda(s). The dynamism ingrained in public space or sphere shows complex nuances and many trends especially when the nature of transformation is being analysed. There seems to be a shift from a simple pleasure orientation to cater to multi-level interests of the performers and patrons. Transformations are influenced by economics, politics and voices of dissent that find various mechanisms of appropriation of public space for their own objectives. They widen the base of debate and discussion transcending the involved units.#7EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Folk traditions provide and create a public space where some broader social values could be generated and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing into focus ideas, values and contentions into public discourse, a kind of unshackling of inhibitions in a stress-free manner. The changes that modernity brings in its wake become more socially acceptable and the conflicts that are created find a medium through which they can be resolved. This public space or sphere has many constructive and pleasurable uses. Politics and religion are notable instances in which the creation and sustenance of public space or sphere is very important to achieve some agenda(s). The dynamism ingrained in public space or sphere shows complex nuances and many trends especially when the nature of transformation is being analysed. There seems to be a shift from a simple pleasure orientation to cater to multi-level interests of the performers and patrons. Transformations are influenced by economics, politics and voices of dissent that find various mechanisms of appropriation of public space for their own objectives. They widen the base of debate and discussion transcending the involved units.#8EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Folk traditions provide and create a public space where some broader social values could be generated and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing into focus ideas, values and contentions into public discourse, a kind of unshackling of inhibitions in a stress-free manner. The changes that modernity brings in its wake become more socially acceptable and the conflicts that are created find a medium through which they can be resolved. This public space or sphere has many constructive and pleasurable uses. Politics and religion are notable instances in which the creation and sustenance of public space or sphere is very important to achieve some agenda(s). The dynamism ingrained in public space or sphere shows complex nuances and many trends especially when the nature of transformation is being analysed. There seems to be a shift from a simple pleasure orientation to cater to multi-level interests of the performers and patrons. Transformations are influenced by economics, politics and voices of dissent that find various mechanisms of appropriation of public space for their own objectives. They widen the base of debate and discussion transcending the involved units.#9ModerateReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Folk traditions provide and create a public space where some broader social values could be generated and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing into focus ideas, values and contentions into public discourse, a kind of unshackling of inhibitions in a stress-free manner. The changes that modernity brings in its wake become more socially acceptable and the conflicts that are created find a medium through which they can be resolved. This public space or sphere has many constructive and pleasurable uses. Politics and religion are notable instances in which the creation and sustenance of public space or sphere is very important to achieve some agenda(s). The dynamism ingrained in public space or sphere shows complex nuances and many trends especially when the nature of transformation is being analysed. There seems to be a shift from a simple pleasure orientation to cater to multi-level interests of the performers and patrons. Transformations are influenced by economics, politics and voices of dissent that find various mechanisms of appropriation of public space for their own objectives. They widen the base of debate and discussion transcending the involved units.#10EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Folk traditions provide and create a public space where some broader social values could be generated and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing and observed. The various folk genres through the creation of public space help in bringing into focus ideas, values and contentions into public discourse, a kind of unshackling of inhibitions in a stress-free manner. The changes that modernity brings in its wake become more socially acceptable and the conflicts that are created find a medium through which they can be resolved. This public space or sphere has many constructive and pleasurable uses. Politics and religion are notable instances in which the creation and sustenance of public space or sphere is very important to achieve some agenda(s). The dynamism ingrained in public space or sphere shows complex nuances and many trends especially when the nature of transformation is being analysed. There seems to be a shift from a simple pleasure orientation to cater to multi-level interests of the performers and patrons. Transformations are influenced by economics, politics and voices of dissent that find various mechanisms of appropriation of public space for their own objectives. They widen the base of debate and discussion transcending the involved units.#11EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Floods are normal events that cause damage. As rivers carve and shape the landscape, they build broad floodplains, level expanses that are periodically inundated. A "10-year flood" would be expected to occur once in every ten years; a "100-year flood" would be expected to occur once every century. The biggest economic loss from floods is usually not the buildings and property they carry away but rather, the contamination they cause. Many human activities like paving roads and parking lots reduces water infiltration into the soil and speeds the rate of runoff into streams and lakes. Even more than development, though, flood-control structures have seperated floodplains from rivers. Levees and flood walls are built to contain water within river banks, and river channels are dredged and deepened to allow water to recede faster. Every flood-control structure simply transfers the problem down-stream. However, the water has to go somewhere. If it doesn't soak into the ground upstream, it will simply exacerbate floods somewhere downstream-leading to more levee development, and then to more flooding farther downstream, and so on.#12EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Floods are normal events that cause damage. As rivers carve and shape the landscape, they build broad floodplains, level expanses that are periodically inundated. A "10-year flood" would be expected to occur once in every ten years; a "100-year flood" would be expected to occur once every century. The biggest economic loss from floods is usually not the buildings and property they carry away but rather, the contamination they cause. Many human activities like paving roads and parking lots reduces water infiltration into the soil and speeds the rate of runoff into streams and lakes. Even more than development, though, flood-control structures have seperated floodplains from rivers. Levees and flood walls are built to contain water within river banks, and river channels are dredged and deepened to allow water to recede faster. Every flood-control structure simply transfers the problem down-stream. However, the water has to go somewhere. If it doesn't soak into the ground upstream, it will simply exacerbate floods somewhere downstream-leading to more levee development, and then to more flooding farther downstream, and so on.#13EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Floods are normal events that cause damage. As rivers carve and shape the landscape, they build broad floodplains, level expanses that are periodically inundated. A "10-year flood" would be expected to occur once in every ten years; a "100-year flood" would be expected to occur once every century. The biggest economic loss from floods is usually not the buildings and property they carry away but rather, the contamination they cause. Many human activities like paving roads and parking lots reduces water infiltration into the soil and speeds the rate of runoff into streams and lakes. Even more than development, though, flood-control structures have seperated floodplains from rivers. Levees and flood walls are built to contain water within river banks, and river channels are dredged and deepened to allow water to recede faster. Every flood-control structure simply transfers the problem down-stream. However, the water has to go somewhere. If it doesn't soak into the ground upstream, it will simply exacerbate floods somewhere downstream-leading to more levee development, and then to more flooding farther downstream, and so on.#14EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Floods are normal events that cause damage. As rivers carve and shape the landscape, they build broad floodplains, level expanses that are periodically inundated. A "10-year flood" would be expected to occur once in every ten years; a "100-year flood" would be expected to occur once every century. The biggest economic loss from floods is usually not the buildings and property they carry away but rather, the contamination they cause. Many human activities like paving roads and parking lots reduces water infiltration into the soil and speeds the rate of runoff into streams and lakes. Even more than development, though, flood-control structures have seperated floodplains from rivers. Levees and flood walls are built to contain water within river banks, and river channels are dredged and deepened to allow water to recede faster. Every flood-control structure simply transfers the problem down-stream. However, the water has to go somewhere. If it doesn't soak into the ground upstream, it will simply exacerbate floods somewhere downstream-leading to more levee development, and then to more flooding farther downstream, and so on.#15EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions. Floods are normal events that cause damage. As rivers carve and shape the landscape, they build broad floodplains, level expanses that are periodically inundated. A "10-year flood" would be expected to occur once in every ten years; a "100-year flood" would be expected to occur once every century. The biggest economic loss from floods is usually not the buildings and property they carry away but rather, the contamination they cause. Many human activities like paving roads and parking lots reduces water infiltration into the soil and speeds the rate of runoff into streams and lakes. Even more than development, though, flood-control structures have seperated floodplains from rivers. Levees and flood walls are built to contain water within river banks, and river channels are dredged and deepened to allow water to recede faster. Every flood-control structure simply transfers the problem down-stream. However, the water has to go somewhere. If it doesn't soak into the ground upstream, it will simply exacerbate floods somewhere downstream-leading to more levee development, and then to more flooding farther downstream, and so on.#16EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: Until recently, little was known for certain about how the brain changes as children age and grow. Considerable progress is being made in charting developmental changes in the brain, although much is still unknown. The number and size of the brain’s nerve endings continue to grow at least until adolescence. Some of the brain’s increase in size also is due to myelination, a process in which many cells of the brain and nervous system are covered with an insulating layer of fat cells. This increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye co-ordination is not complete until about four years of age. Myelination in brain areas that are important in focusing attention is not complete until the end of the elementary school years. The implications for teaching are that the children will have more difficulty focusing their attention and maintaining it for very long in early childhood but their attention will improve as they move through the elementary school years. Even in elementary school and later, many educators believe occasional short breaks sustain children's energy and motivation to learn. Another important aspect of the brain’s development at the cellular level is the dramatic increase in connections between neurons (nerve cells). Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made. Researchers have discovered an interesting aspect of synaptic connections. Nearly twice as many of these connections are made than ever will be used. The connections that are used become strengthened and will survive, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear.#17EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: Until recently, little was known for certain about how the brain changes as children age and grow. Considerable progress is being made in charting developmental changes in the brain, although much is still unknown. The number and size of the brain’s nerve endings continue to grow at least until adolescence. Some of the brain’s increase in size also is due to myelination, a process in which many cells of the brain and nervous system are covered with an insulating layer of fat cells. This increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye co-ordination is not complete until about four years of age. Myelination in brain areas that are important in focusing attention is not complete until the end of the elementary school years. The implications for teaching are that the children will have more difficulty focusing their attention and maintaining it for very long in early childhood but their attention will improve as they move through the elementary school years. Even in elementary school and later, many educators believe occasional short breaks sustain children's energy and motivation to learn. Another important aspect of the brain’s development at the cellular level is the dramatic increase in connections between neurons (nerve cells). Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made. Researchers have discovered an interesting aspect of synaptic connections. Nearly twice as many of these connections are made than ever will be used. The connections that are used become strengthened and will survive, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear.#18EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: Until recently, little was known for certain about how the brain changes as children age and grow. Considerable progress is being made in charting developmental changes in the brain, although much is still unknown. The number and size of the brain’s nerve endings continue to grow at least until adolescence. Some of the brain’s increase in size also is due to myelination, a process in which many cells of the brain and nervous system are covered with an insulating layer of fat cells. This increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye co-ordination is not complete until about four years of age. Myelination in brain areas that are important in focusing attention is not complete until the end of the elementary school years. The implications for teaching are that the children will have more difficulty focusing their attention and maintaining it for very long in early childhood but their attention will improve as they move through the elementary school years. Even in elementary school and later, many educators believe occasional short breaks sustain children's energy and motivation to learn. Another important aspect of the brain’s development at the cellular level is the dramatic increase in connections between neurons (nerve cells). Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made. Researchers have discovered an interesting aspect of synaptic connections. Nearly twice as many of these connections are made than ever will be used. The connections that are used become strengthened and will survive, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear.#19EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: Until recently, little was known for certain about how the brain changes as children age and grow. Considerable progress is being made in charting developmental changes in the brain, although much is still unknown. The number and size of the brain’s nerve endings continue to grow at least until adolescence. Some of the brain’s increase in size also is due to myelination, a process in which many cells of the brain and nervous system are covered with an insulating layer of fat cells. This increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye co-ordination is not complete until about four years of age. Myelination in brain areas that are important in focusing attention is not complete until the end of the elementary school years. The implications for teaching are that the children will have more difficulty focusing their attention and maintaining it for very long in early childhood but their attention will improve as they move through the elementary school years. Even in elementary school and later, many educators believe occasional short breaks sustain children's energy and motivation to learn. Another important aspect of the brain’s development at the cellular level is the dramatic increase in connections between neurons (nerve cells). Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made. Researchers have discovered an interesting aspect of synaptic connections. Nearly twice as many of these connections are made than ever will be used. The connections that are used become strengthened and will survive, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear.#20EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: Until recently, little was known for certain about how the brain changes as children age and grow. Considerable progress is being made in charting developmental changes in the brain, although much is still unknown. The number and size of the brain’s nerve endings continue to grow at least until adolescence. Some of the brain’s increase in size also is due to myelination, a process in which many cells of the brain and nervous system are covered with an insulating layer of fat cells. This increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. Myelination in the areas of the brain related to hand-eye co-ordination is not complete until about four years of age. Myelination in brain areas that are important in focusing attention is not complete until the end of the elementary school years. The implications for teaching are that the children will have more difficulty focusing their attention and maintaining it for very long in early childhood but their attention will improve as they move through the elementary school years. Even in elementary school and later, many educators believe occasional short breaks sustain children's energy and motivation to learn. Another important aspect of the brain’s development at the cellular level is the dramatic increase in connections between neurons (nerve cells). Synapses are tiny gaps between neurons where connections between neurons are made. Researchers have discovered an interesting aspect of synaptic connections. Nearly twice as many of these connections are made than ever will be used. The connections that are used become strengthened and will survive, while the unused ones will be replaced by other pathways or disappear.#21EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Nicotine is only found in tobacco and leads to cancer. But is it true? It is a natural ingredient found in several plants. Various vegetables such as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes among others, also contain nicotine in trace amounts. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of these, at least 250 are known to be harmful to health, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Some are natural components of the tobacco plant itself, but most harmful substances are only formed on combustion of tobacco and not by nicotine itself. Products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress or depression. A survey in the ‘Human Centric Approach to Tobacco Control’ report highlights that stress and anxiety motivate tobacco consumption for 62% males and 40% females in tier I cities. Nicotine from cigarettes is absorbed into the lungs through inhalation of smoke. When nicotine enters the body, it enters the circulatory system and reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation resulting in feeling of euphoria. The burden of cancer and tobacco related diseases is immense. A recent report by WHO suggests that new cancer cases are likely to rise to at least thirty- five million in 2050, a 77% rise over the cases diagnosed in 2022. In India, an estimated 1.4 million cancer cases were recorded in the same year, while one in nine citizens could develop cancer in their lifetime.#22EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Nicotine is only found in tobacco and leads to cancer. But is it true? It is a natural ingredient found in several plants. Various vegetables such as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes among others, also contain nicotine in trace amounts. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of these, at least 250 are known to be harmful to health, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Some are natural components of the tobacco plant itself, but most harmful substances are only formed on combustion of tobacco and not by nicotine itself. Products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress or depression. A survey in the ‘Human Centric Approach to Tobacco Control’ report highlights that stress and anxiety motivate tobacco consumption for 62% males and 40% females in tier I cities. Nicotine from cigarettes is absorbed into the lungs through inhalation of smoke. When nicotine enters the body, it enters the circulatory system and reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation resulting in feeling of euphoria. The burden of cancer and tobacco related diseases is immense. A recent report by WHO suggests that new cancer cases are likely to rise to at least thirty- five million in 2050, a 77% rise over the cases diagnosed in 2022. In India, an estimated 1.4 million cancer cases were recorded in the same year, while one in nine citizens could develop cancer in their lifetime.#23EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Nicotine is only found in tobacco and leads to cancer. But is it true? It is a natural ingredient found in several plants. Various vegetables such as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes among others, also contain nicotine in trace amounts. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of these, at least 250 are known to be harmful to health, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Some are natural components of the tobacco plant itself, but most harmful substances are only formed on combustion of tobacco and not by nicotine itself. Products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress or depression. A survey in the ‘Human Centric Approach to Tobacco Control’ report highlights that stress and anxiety motivate tobacco consumption for 62% males and 40% females in tier I cities. Nicotine from cigarettes is absorbed into the lungs through inhalation of smoke. When nicotine enters the body, it enters the circulatory system and reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation resulting in feeling of euphoria. The burden of cancer and tobacco related diseases is immense. A recent report by WHO suggests that new cancer cases are likely to rise to at least thirty- five million in 2050, a 77% rise over the cases diagnosed in 2022. In India, an estimated 1.4 million cancer cases were recorded in the same year, while one in nine citizens could develop cancer in their lifetime.#24EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Nicotine is only found in tobacco and leads to cancer. But is it true? It is a natural ingredient found in several plants. Various vegetables such as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes among others, also contain nicotine in trace amounts. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of these, at least 250 are known to be harmful to health, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Some are natural components of the tobacco plant itself, but most harmful substances are only formed on combustion of tobacco and not by nicotine itself. Products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress or depression. A survey in the ‘Human Centric Approach to Tobacco Control’ report highlights that stress and anxiety motivate tobacco consumption for 62% males and 40% females in tier I cities. Nicotine from cigarettes is absorbed into the lungs through inhalation of smoke. When nicotine enters the body, it enters the circulatory system and reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation resulting in feeling of euphoria. The burden of cancer and tobacco related diseases is immense. A recent report by WHO suggests that new cancer cases are likely to rise to at least thirty- five million in 2050, a 77% rise over the cases diagnosed in 2022. In India, an estimated 1.4 million cancer cases were recorded in the same year, while one in nine citizens could develop cancer in their lifetime.#25EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Nicotine is only found in tobacco and leads to cancer. But is it true? It is a natural ingredient found in several plants. Various vegetables such as eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes among others, also contain nicotine in trace amounts. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke. Of these, at least 250 are known to be harmful to health, such as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Some are natural components of the tobacco plant itself, but most harmful substances are only formed on combustion of tobacco and not by nicotine itself. Products containing nicotine are often used to reduce anxiety, stress or depression. A survey in the ‘Human Centric Approach to Tobacco Control’ report highlights that stress and anxiety motivate tobacco consumption for 62% males and 40% females in tier I cities. Nicotine from cigarettes is absorbed into the lungs through inhalation of smoke. When nicotine enters the body, it enters the circulatory system and reaches the brain within 20 seconds, causing nerve stimulation resulting in feeling of euphoria. The burden of cancer and tobacco related diseases is immense. A recent report by WHO suggests that new cancer cases are likely to rise to at least thirty- five million in 2050, a 77% rise over the cases diagnosed in 2022. In India, an estimated 1.4 million cancer cases were recorded in the same year, while one in nine citizens could develop cancer in their lifetime.#26EasyReading comprehension
The field ecologist has played a key role in shining the light on the species we love and admire. They have also underlined why conservation should not be just about caring for a few charismatic species-the cats, elephants, whales, or Olive Ridleys. It’s also about knowing the value of creatures many of us might consider annoying, even dangerous. For millennia, communities have attempted to protect animals and plants for practical and spiritual reasons. However, for around two centuries or so, an anthropocentric view of the world created an ecological discord of sorts. Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature, which often meant that even conservation had a strictly commercial purpose. Modern environmental consciousness is perhaps about six decades old. In India, organisations such as the Bombay Natural History Society date back to the late 19th century and the endeavors of hunters-turned-conservationists played an important role in underlining the value of several species. But systematic efforts in mainstreaming ecology began much later and owed much to the works of pioneers like Salim Ali and M Krishnan.#27EasyReading comprehension
The field ecologist has played a key role in shining the light on the species we love and admire. They have also underlined why conservation should not be just about caring for a few charismatic species-the cats, elephants, whales, or Olive Ridleys. It’s also about knowing the value of creatures many of us might consider annoying, even dangerous. For millennia, communities have attempted to protect animals and plants for practical and spiritual reasons. However, for around two centuries or so, an anthropocentric view of the world created an ecological discord of sorts. Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature, which often meant that even conservation had a strictly commercial purpose. Modern environmental consciousness is perhaps about six decades old. In India, organisations such as the Bombay Natural History Society date back to the late 19th century and the endeavors of hunters-turned-conservationists played an important role in underlining the value of several species. But systematic efforts in mainstreaming ecology began much later and owed much to the works of pioneers like Salim Ali and M Krishnan.#28EasyReading comprehension
The field ecologist has played a key role in shining the light on the species we love and admire. They have also underlined why conservation should not be just about caring for a few charismatic species-the cats, elephants, whales, or Olive Ridleys. It’s also about knowing the value of creatures many of us might consider annoying, even dangerous. For millennia, communities have attempted to protect animals and plants for practical and spiritual reasons. However, for around two centuries or so, an anthropocentric view of the world created an ecological discord of sorts. Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature, which often meant that even conservation had a strictly commercial purpose. Modern environmental consciousness is perhaps about six decades old. In India, organisations such as the Bombay Natural History Society date back to the late 19th century and the endeavors of hunters-turned-conservationists played an important role in underlining the value of several species. But systematic efforts in mainstreaming ecology began much later and owed much to the works of pioneers like Salim Ali and M Krishnan.#29EasyReading comprehension
The field ecologist has played a key role in shining the light on the species we love and admire. They have also underlined why conservation should not be just about caring for a few charismatic species-the cats, elephants, whales, or Olive Ridleys. It’s also about knowing the value of creatures many of us might consider annoying, even dangerous. For millennia, communities have attempted to protect animals and plants for practical and spiritual reasons. However, for around two centuries or so, an anthropocentric view of the world created an ecological discord of sorts. Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature, which often meant that even conservation had a strictly commercial purpose. Modern environmental consciousness is perhaps about six decades old. In India, organisations such as the Bombay Natural History Society date back to the late 19th century and the endeavors of hunters-turned-conservationists played an important role in underlining the value of several species. But systematic efforts in mainstreaming ecology began much later and owed much to the works of pioneers like Salim Ali and M Krishnan.#30EasyReading comprehension
The field ecologist has played a key role in shining the light on the species we love and admire. They have also underlined why conservation should not be just about caring for a few charismatic species-the cats, elephants, whales, or Olive Ridleys. It’s also about knowing the value of creatures many of us might consider annoying, even dangerous. For millennia, communities have attempted to protect animals and plants for practical and spiritual reasons. However, for around two centuries or so, an anthropocentric view of the world created an ecological discord of sorts. Utilitarian ideas began to dominate attitudes towards nature, which often meant that even conservation had a strictly commercial purpose. Modern environmental consciousness is perhaps about six decades old. In India, organisations such as the Bombay Natural History Society date back to the late 19th century and the endeavors of hunters-turned-conservationists played an important role in underlining the value of several species. But systematic efforts in mainstreaming ecology began much later and owed much to the works of pioneers like Salim Ali and M Krishnan.#31EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows: A famine in China from 1958 to 1960 estimated to have killed about twenty-five million people. The reason why that's called a political crime-an ideological crime-which was discussed in most detail by Amartya Sen; it's part of the work for which he won the Nobel Prize. Sen is an economist who treated this as an ideological crime for food reasons. He said it wasn't a matter of intent; they didn't intend to kill anybody. It's just that the ideological instructions were such that it happened. It was a totalitarian state where no information about what was happening ever got back to the center. They couldn't take any action because that's what happens in a totalitarian state. So it was a reflection of the totalitarian instructions, a huge massacre that wasn't intended. They didn't intend to kill twenty-five million people, but it was still a major massacre, and it's correct to call it one of the major atrocities of the twentieth century, and the worst single component of the crimes of Communism.#32EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows: A famine in China from 1958 to 1960 estimated to have killed about twenty-five million people. The reason why that's called a political crime-an ideological crime-which was discussed in most detail by Amartya Sen; it's part of the work for which he won the Nobel Prize. Sen is an economist who treated this as an ideological crime for food reasons. He said it wasn't a matter of intent; they didn't intend to kill anybody. It's just that the ideological instructions were such that it happened. It was a totalitarian state where no information about what was happening ever got back to the center. They couldn't take any action because that's what happens in a totalitarian state. So it was a reflection of the totalitarian instructions, a huge massacre that wasn't intended. They didn't intend to kill twenty-five million people, but it was still a major massacre, and it's correct to call it one of the major atrocities of the twentieth century, and the worst single component of the crimes of Communism.#33EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows: A famine in China from 1958 to 1960 estimated to have killed about twenty-five million people. The reason why that's called a political crime-an ideological crime-which was discussed in most detail by Amartya Sen; it's part of the work for which he won the Nobel Prize. Sen is an economist who treated this as an ideological crime for food reasons. He said it wasn't a matter of intent; they didn't intend to kill anybody. It's just that the ideological instructions were such that it happened. It was a totalitarian state where no information about what was happening ever got back to the center. They couldn't take any action because that's what happens in a totalitarian state. So it was a reflection of the totalitarian instructions, a huge massacre that wasn't intended. They didn't intend to kill twenty-five million people, but it was still a major massacre, and it's correct to call it one of the major atrocities of the twentieth century, and the worst single component of the crimes of Communism.#34ModerateReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows: A famine in China from 1958 to 1960 estimated to have killed about twenty-five million people. The reason why that's called a political crime-an ideological crime-which was discussed in most detail by Amartya Sen; it's part of the work for which he won the Nobel Prize. Sen is an economist who treated this as an ideological crime for food reasons. He said it wasn't a matter of intent; they didn't intend to kill anybody. It's just that the ideological instructions were such that it happened. It was a totalitarian state where no information about what was happening ever got back to the center. They couldn't take any action because that's what happens in a totalitarian state. So it was a reflection of the totalitarian instructions, a huge massacre that wasn't intended. They didn't intend to kill twenty-five million people, but it was still a major massacre, and it's correct to call it one of the major atrocities of the twentieth century, and the worst single component of the crimes of Communism.#35EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follows: A famine in China from 1958 to 1960 estimated to have killed about twenty-five million people. The reason why that's called a political crime-an ideological crime-which was discussed in most detail by Amartya Sen; it's part of the work for which he won the Nobel Prize. Sen is an economist who treated this as an ideological crime for food reasons. He said it wasn't a matter of intent; they didn't intend to kill anybody. It's just that the ideological instructions were such that it happened. It was a totalitarian state where no information about what was happening ever got back to the center. They couldn't take any action because that's what happens in a totalitarian state. So it was a reflection of the totalitarian instructions, a huge massacre that wasn't intended. They didn't intend to kill twenty-five million people, but it was still a major massacre, and it's correct to call it one of the major atrocities of the twentieth century, and the worst single component of the crimes of Communism.#36EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Adolescence is the most important period of human life. Poets have described it as the spring of life of human being and an important era in the total life span. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity’. A number of definitions have been given by Psychologists from time to time. Some Psychologists define it as the transitional period of life. The child experiences a number of changes in this transitional period. The period runs between childhood and adulthood and is some times called the period of teenage. According to A. T. Jersild “Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically”. Chronologically adolescence comes roughly in between the years from 12 to the early 20’s. The onset of adolescence varies from culture to culture depending on the socio-economic conditions of the country. In this period, great changes occur in all developmental dimensions of the individual.#37EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Adolescence is the most important period of human life. Poets have described it as the spring of life of human being and an important era in the total life span. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity’. A number of definitions have been given by Psychologists from time to time. Some Psychologists define it as the transitional period of life. The child experiences a number of changes in this transitional period. The period runs between childhood and adulthood and is some times called the period of teenage. According to A. T. Jersild “Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically”. Chronologically adolescence comes roughly in between the years from 12 to the early 20’s. The onset of adolescence varies from culture to culture depending on the socio-economic conditions of the country. In this period, great changes occur in all developmental dimensions of the individual.#38EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Adolescence is the most important period of human life. Poets have described it as the spring of life of human being and an important era in the total life span. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity’. A number of definitions have been given by Psychologists from time to time. Some Psychologists define it as the transitional period of life. The child experiences a number of changes in this transitional period. The period runs between childhood and adulthood and is some times called the period of teenage. According to A. T. Jersild “Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically”. Chronologically adolescence comes roughly in between the years from 12 to the early 20’s. The onset of adolescence varies from culture to culture depending on the socio-economic conditions of the country. In this period, great changes occur in all developmental dimensions of the individual.#39EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Adolescence is the most important period of human life. Poets have described it as the spring of life of human being and an important era in the total life span. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity’. A number of definitions have been given by Psychologists from time to time. Some Psychologists define it as the transitional period of life. The child experiences a number of changes in this transitional period. The period runs between childhood and adulthood and is some times called the period of teenage. According to A. T. Jersild “Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically”. Chronologically adolescence comes roughly in between the years from 12 to the early 20’s. The onset of adolescence varies from culture to culture depending on the socio-economic conditions of the country. In this period, great changes occur in all developmental dimensions of the individual.#40EasyReading comprehension
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Adolescence is the most important period of human life. Poets have described it as the spring of life of human being and an important era in the total life span. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow to maturity’. A number of definitions have been given by Psychologists from time to time. Some Psychologists define it as the transitional period of life. The child experiences a number of changes in this transitional period. The period runs between childhood and adulthood and is some times called the period of teenage. According to A. T. Jersild “Adolescence is that span of years during which boys and girls move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically”. Chronologically adolescence comes roughly in between the years from 12 to the early 20’s. The onset of adolescence varies from culture to culture depending on the socio-economic conditions of the country. In this period, great changes occur in all developmental dimensions of the individual.#41EasyReading comprehension
Holidays are often a time of culinary indulgence even for people who are usually careful about diets for the rest of the year. But there is more to holiday eating than avoiding excess calories. What we eat affects the health of the entire body, including the immune system. Since the most of the body's immune system is concentrated in the gut and the trillions of healthy bacteria living there called the microbiome - what we eat has a direct impact on how the immune system functions. “A lot of people don't think about the effects of what they eat on immunity. But the science says it's crucial”, says Heather Moday, MD, Founder of the Moday Centre for Functional and Intergrative Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. And it's especially important at this time of year, Since the winter holidays occur around the time when illnesses like colds, flu and other respiratory illnesses peak. While an occasional indulgence probably won't cause lasting damage, throwing caution to the wind till New year's Day is certainly unhealthy and might make you more susceptible to getting sick. “Even just a month of really just blowing it and not caring about nutrition can impact the microbiome”. says Kristin Kirkpatrick, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's department of wellness and preventive medicine.#42EasyReading comprehension
Holidays are often a time of culinary indulgence even for people who are usually careful about diets for the rest of the year. But there is more to holiday eating than avoiding excess calories. What we eat affects the health of the entire body, including the immune system. Since the most of the body's immune system is concentrated in the gut and the trillions of healthy bacteria living there called the microbiome - what we eat has a direct impact on how the immune system functions. “A lot of people don't think about the effects of what they eat on immunity. But the science says it's crucial”, says Heather Moday, MD, Founder of the Moday Centre for Functional and Intergrative Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. And it's especially important at this time of year, Since the winter holidays occur around the time when illnesses like colds, flu and other respiratory illnesses peak. While an occasional indulgence probably won't cause lasting damage, throwing caution to the wind till New year's Day is certainly unhealthy and might make you more susceptible to getting sick. “Even just a month of really just blowing it and not caring about nutrition can impact the microbiome”. says Kristin Kirkpatrick, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's department of wellness and preventive medicine.#43EasyReading comprehension
Holidays are often a time of culinary indulgence even for people who are usually careful about diets for the rest of the year. But there is more to holiday eating than avoiding excess calories. What we eat affects the health of the entire body, including the immune system. Since the most of the body's immune system is concentrated in the gut and the trillions of healthy bacteria living there called the microbiome - what we eat has a direct impact on how the immune system functions. “A lot of people don't think about the effects of what they eat on immunity. But the science says it's crucial”, says Heather Moday, MD, Founder of the Moday Centre for Functional and Intergrative Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. And it's especially important at this time of year, Since the winter holidays occur around the time when illnesses like colds, flu and other respiratory illnesses peak. While an occasional indulgence probably won't cause lasting damage, throwing caution to the wind till New year's Day is certainly unhealthy and might make you more susceptible to getting sick. “Even just a month of really just blowing it and not caring about nutrition can impact the microbiome”. says Kristin Kirkpatrick, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's department of wellness and preventive medicine.#44EasyReading comprehension
Holidays are often a time of culinary indulgence even for people who are usually careful about diets for the rest of the year. But there is more to holiday eating than avoiding excess calories. What we eat affects the health of the entire body, including the immune system. Since the most of the body's immune system is concentrated in the gut and the trillions of healthy bacteria living there called the microbiome - what we eat has a direct impact on how the immune system functions. “A lot of people don't think about the effects of what they eat on immunity. But the science says it's crucial”, says Heather Moday, MD, Founder of the Moday Centre for Functional and Intergrative Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. And it's especially important at this time of year, Since the winter holidays occur around the time when illnesses like colds, flu and other respiratory illnesses peak. While an occasional indulgence probably won't cause lasting damage, throwing caution to the wind till New year's Day is certainly unhealthy and might make you more susceptible to getting sick. “Even just a month of really just blowing it and not caring about nutrition can impact the microbiome”. says Kristin Kirkpatrick, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's department of wellness and preventive medicine.#45EasyReading comprehension
Holidays are often a time of culinary indulgence even for people who are usually careful about diets for the rest of the year. But there is more to holiday eating than avoiding excess calories. What we eat affects the health of the entire body, including the immune system. Since the most of the body's immune system is concentrated in the gut and the trillions of healthy bacteria living there called the microbiome - what we eat has a direct impact on how the immune system functions. “A lot of people don't think about the effects of what they eat on immunity. But the science says it's crucial”, says Heather Moday, MD, Founder of the Moday Centre for Functional and Intergrative Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia, and Philadelphia. And it's especially important at this time of year, Since the winter holidays occur around the time when illnesses like colds, flu and other respiratory illnesses peak. While an occasional indulgence probably won't cause lasting damage, throwing caution to the wind till New year's Day is certainly unhealthy and might make you more susceptible to getting sick. “Even just a month of really just blowing it and not caring about nutrition can impact the microbiome”. says Kristin Kirkpatrick, a registered dietitian at Cleveland Clinic's department of wellness and preventive medicine.#46EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Anthropologists have questioned universal explanations of war. Some hold out the hope that war, like slavery, can be erased by wise collective decision-making. But warfare is too diverse and historically widespread to be cured by simple remedies. Economic motives have always existed. A fight for salt or metals, gold and treasure, enslaved labour or access to trade routes, or oil and other resources has marked many of the world's violent conflicts. But ideological and religious confrontations have also driven war. Hubristic warfare from Alexander to Napoleon to Hitler was meant to establish dominion. The rise of Chinese power has provoked questions on whether potential conflict with US will descend into war. The search for security can be found in every warlike episode, as frontiers feel fragile. Is war on the decline, with new forms of settling conflict, cyber-attacks, and so on? The wars of this very century belie that hope. An ecological crisis, resource stresses and clashes of beliefs are only too visible in the emerging international order. And so, the future of war might not look very different from its past.#47EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Anthropologists have questioned universal explanations of war. Some hold out the hope that war, like slavery, can be erased by wise collective decision-making. But warfare is too diverse and historically widespread to be cured by simple remedies. Economic motives have always existed. A fight for salt or metals, gold and treasure, enslaved labour or access to trade routes, or oil and other resources has marked many of the world's violent conflicts. But ideological and religious confrontations have also driven war. Hubristic warfare from Alexander to Napoleon to Hitler was meant to establish dominion. The rise of Chinese power has provoked questions on whether potential conflict with US will descend into war. The search for security can be found in every warlike episode, as frontiers feel fragile. Is war on the decline, with new forms of settling conflict, cyber-attacks, and so on? The wars of this very century belie that hope. An ecological crisis, resource stresses and clashes of beliefs are only too visible in the emerging international order. And so, the future of war might not look very different from its past.#48EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Anthropologists have questioned universal explanations of war. Some hold out the hope that war, like slavery, can be erased by wise collective decision-making. But warfare is too diverse and historically widespread to be cured by simple remedies. Economic motives have always existed. A fight for salt or metals, gold and treasure, enslaved labour or access to trade routes, or oil and other resources has marked many of the world's violent conflicts. But ideological and religious confrontations have also driven war. Hubristic warfare from Alexander to Napoleon to Hitler was meant to establish dominion. The rise of Chinese power has provoked questions on whether potential conflict with US will descend into war. The search for security can be found in every warlike episode, as frontiers feel fragile. Is war on the decline, with new forms of settling conflict, cyber-attacks, and so on? The wars of this very century belie that hope. An ecological crisis, resource stresses and clashes of beliefs are only too visible in the emerging international order. And so, the future of war might not look very different from its past.#49EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Anthropologists have questioned universal explanations of war. Some hold out the hope that war, like slavery, can be erased by wise collective decision-making. But warfare is too diverse and historically widespread to be cured by simple remedies. Economic motives have always existed. A fight for salt or metals, gold and treasure, enslaved labour or access to trade routes, or oil and other resources has marked many of the world's violent conflicts. But ideological and religious confrontations have also driven war. Hubristic warfare from Alexander to Napoleon to Hitler was meant to establish dominion. The rise of Chinese power has provoked questions on whether potential conflict with US will descend into war. The search for security can be found in every warlike episode, as frontiers feel fragile. Is war on the decline, with new forms of settling conflict, cyber-attacks, and so on? The wars of this very century belie that hope. An ecological crisis, resource stresses and clashes of beliefs are only too visible in the emerging international order. And so, the future of war might not look very different from its past.#50EasyReading comprehension
Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: Anthropologists have questioned universal explanations of war. Some hold out the hope that war, like slavery, can be erased by wise collective decision-making. But warfare is too diverse and historically widespread to be cured by simple remedies. Economic motives have always existed. A fight for salt or metals, gold and treasure, enslaved labour or access to trade routes, or oil and other resources has marked many of the world's violent conflicts. But ideological and religious confrontations have also driven war. Hubristic warfare from Alexander to Napoleon to Hitler was meant to establish dominion. The rise of Chinese power has provoked questions on whether potential conflict with US will descend into war. The search for security can be found in every warlike episode, as frontiers feel fragile. Is war on the decline, with new forms of settling conflict, cyber-attacks, and so on? The wars of this very century belie that hope. An ecological crisis, resource stresses and clashes of beliefs are only too visible in the emerging international order. And so, the future of war might not look very different from its past.
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