CDS Biology Notes

The elements of the body, sugars from glucose to starch and glycogen, proteins and denaturation, isoenzymes, and lactic acid in a tired muscle.

The microscope, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the cell wall and membrane, osmosis and active transport, the organelles, and the nucleus, mitosis and cancer.

The ranks from kingdom to species, the five kingdoms, the plant groups, how fungi feed, the animal phyla, organs of locomotion, and the chordate classes with their hearts.

Modified roots and stems, the leaf, fruits and seed dispersal, meristems, simple tissues, xylem and phloem, the rise of water, photosynthesis and its pigments, mineral nutrients and plant hormones.

Tissues and muscles, digestion and deficiency diseases, blood and breathing, the heart and blood pressure, excretion and the male reproductive organs, and nerves, senses and hormones.

Pollination to seedling in a flowering plant, the cells of the ovule, seeds without fertilisation, and colostrum.

Chromosomes, DNA and genes, Mendel's monohybrid cross, how sex is decided, genetic engineering, acquired traits and the theories of evolution, natural selection, and homologous and analogous organs.

Diseases by kind of pathogen, viruses and HIV, routes of spread and mosquito vectors, endemic and epidemic, vaccines, how antibiotics work, and the AYUSH systems.

Population, community and ecosystem, succession, food chains and biomagnification, the ten per cent law, air pollution and global warming, water and waste with their remedies, and conservation.