JEE Mains Chemistry · Teaching notes

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids — JEE Mains Chemistry

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids has 165 past-year questions from 2021 to 2026, and 14 of them ask for a number. Almost every question is a short reaction scheme: a starting compound, one or more reagents, and a product to name or pick. The work is knowing exactly how far each reagent goes, which carbon a nucleophile or a base attacks, and which group a test detects. Rankings come up often, of carbonyl reactivity, α-hydrogen acidity and acid strength, and each ranks by one effect at a time. The numerical questions are counts and small mole calculations built on the same reactions.

Every subtopic, worked example, formula and trap in one printable document — answers shown, ready to share.

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Subtopic notes

Formula & revision sheet

11 formulas · 9 reference tables · 40 gotchas across all subtopics — the exam-eve cheat-sheet

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Reference tables (3)

Named routes to aldehydes and ketones7 rows

Name	Starting compound	Reagents	Product
Rosenmund reduction	Acyl chloride $\mathrm{RCOCl}$	$\mathrm{H_2}$ , Pd– $\mathrm{BaSO_4}$ (poisoned)	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$
Stephen reduction	Nitrile $\mathrm{RC{\equiv}N}$	$\mathrm{SnCl_2}$ , HCl, then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$ , through the imine $\mathrm{RCH{=}NH}$
Etard reaction	Toluene	$\mathrm{CrO_2Cl_2}$ in $\mathrm{CS_2}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	Benzaldehyde, through $\mathrm{C_6H_5CH(OCrOHCl_2)_2}$
Chromic oxide oxidation	Toluene	$\mathrm{CrO_3}$ in $\mathrm{(CH_3CO)_2O}$ , 273–283 K, then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	Benzaldehyde, through benzylidene diacetate
Gattermann–Koch reaction	Benzene	CO, HCl, anhydrous $\mathrm{AlCl_3}$ and CuCl	Benzaldehyde
Friedel–Crafts acylation	Benzene	$\mathrm{RCOCl}$ , anhydrous $\mathrm{AlCl_3}$	Aryl ketone $\mathrm{C_6H_5COR}$ ; with $\mathrm{C_6H_5COCl}$ , benzophenone
Dialkylcadmium route	Acyl chloride $\mathrm{RCOCl}$	$\mathrm{R'_2Cd}$	Ketone $\mathrm{RCOR'}$

Rosenmund starts from an acyl chloride, Stephen from a nitrile, Etard from toluene and Gattermann–Koch from benzene.

Reagents that stop at the aldehyde or ketone9 rows

Reagent	Acts on	Stops at
PCC in $\mathrm{CH_2Cl_2}$	1° alcohol $\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$
$\mathrm{CrO_3}$ – $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ (Jones) or $\mathrm{K_2Cr_2O_7}$ – $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$	1° alcohol; 2° alcohol	Carboxylic acid $\mathrm{RCOOH}$ ; ketone
Hot $\mathrm{KMnO_4}$	1° alcohol or aldehyde	Carboxylic acid
Cu at 573 K	1° or 2° alcohol vapour	Aldehyde or ketone (dehydrogenation)
DIBAL-H at low temperature, then $\mathrm{H_2O}$	Ester $\mathrm{RCOOR'}$ or nitrile $\mathrm{RCN}$	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$
$\mathrm{LiAlH_4}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	Ester $\mathrm{RCOOR'}$	Two alcohols, $\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$ and $\mathrm{R'OH}$
Dilute $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ , water	Ester $\mathrm{RCOOR'}$	Acid $\mathrm{RCOOH}$ and alcohol $\mathrm{R'OH}$ (hydrolysis)
$\mathrm{BH_3}$ ; $\mathrm{H_2O_2}$ , $\mathrm{OH^-}$ ; then PCC	Terminal alkene $\mathrm{RCH{=}CH_2}$	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCH_2CHO}$
MnO at about 573 K	Benzoic acid vapour	Benzaldehyde, in one step

PCC and DIBAL-H are the two reagents built to stop at the aldehyde.

Carbonyl compounds from alkynes, gem-dihalides and alkenes8 rows

Starting compound	Reagents	Product
Ethyne $\mathrm{HC{\equiv}CH}$	$\mathrm{H_2O}$ , $\mathrm{HgSO_4}$ , dilute $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$	Ethanal $\mathrm{CH_3CHO}$
Terminal alkyne $\mathrm{RC{\equiv}CH}$	$\mathrm{H_2O}$ , $\mathrm{HgSO_4}$ , dilute $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$	Methyl ketone $\mathrm{RCOCH_3}$
Terminal gem-dihalide $\mathrm{RCHCl_2}$	Aqueous KOH (hydrolysis)	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$
Internal gem-dihalide $\mathrm{RCCl_2R'}$	Aqueous KOH (hydrolysis)	Ketone $\mathrm{RCOR'}$
Toluene	$\mathrm{Cl_2}$ and light, then water at 373 K	Benzaldehyde, through $\mathrm{C_6H_5CHCl_2}$
Alkene	$\mathrm{O_3}$ , then Zn and water	Aldehydes or ketones, one from each end of the C=C
Alkene $\mathrm{RCH{=}CH_2}$	CO and $\mathrm{H_2}$ , cobalt or rhodium catalyst	Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCH_2CH_2CHO}$ , one carbon longer
Methane	$\mathrm{O_2}$ over a molybdenum oxide catalyst, heat	Methanal $\mathrm{HCHO}$

Only ethyne gives an aldehyde on hydration; an end-carbon gem-dihalide gives an aldehyde on hydrolysis.

Watch out for (6)

The Stephen reduction needs the water step
→ Named routes to aldehydes and ketones
Etard and Gattermann–Koch start from different rings
→ Named routes to aldehydes and ketones
PCC stops at the aldehyde; the Jones reagent does not
→ Reagents that stop at the aldehyde or ketone
Hydroboration puts the oxygen on the end carbon
→ Reagents that stop at the aldehyde or ketone
Alkyne hydration gives an aldehyde only from ethyne
→ Carbonyl compounds from alkynes, gem-dihalides and alkenes
The position of the two halogens decides the product
→ Carbonyl compounds from alkynes, gem-dihalides and alkenes

Nucleophilic Addition and Carbonyl Derivatives

Formulas (2)

Reactivity towards nucleophilic addition · Order of reactivity towards nucleophiles $\mathrm{HCHO > RCHO > RCOR'} \qquad \mathrm{RCHO > ArCHO} \qquad \text{ring: EWG} > \text{H} > \text{EDG}$
Cyanohydrins and what they turn into · Cyanohydrin, then hydrolysis or reduction $\mathrm{R_2C{=}O \xrightarrow{HCN,\ OH^-} R_2C(OH)CN} \qquad \xrightarrow{H_3O^+} \mathrm{R_2C(OH)COOH} \qquad \xrightarrow{LiAlH_4} \mathrm{R_2C(OH)CH_2NH_2}$

Reference tables (1)

Acetals, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones and enamines10 rows

Reagent	Product with a carbonyl compound	What to remember
One $\mathrm{R'OH}$ , dry HCl	Hemiacetal $\mathrm{R_2C(OH)OR'}$	Usually reverts; cyclic hemiacetals (sugars, lactols) are stable
Two $\mathrm{R'OH}$ , dry HCl	Acetal (from a ketone, a ketal) $\mathrm{R_2C(OR')_2}$	Stable to base; dilute acid gives the carbonyl back
Ethane-1,2-diol, dry HCl	Cyclic acetal (ethylene ketal)	Protects a C=O while another group reacts
Hydroxylamine $\mathrm{NH_2OH}$	Oxime $\mathrm{R_2C{=}NOH}$	An aldoxime loses water with $\mathrm{P_2O_5}$ to give a nitrile
Hydrazine $\mathrm{NH_2NH_2}$	Hydrazone $\mathrm{R_2C{=}NNH_2}$	First step of the Wolff–Kishner reduction
Phenylhydrazine $\mathrm{C_6H_5NHNH_2}$	Phenylhydrazone $\mathrm{R_2C{=}NNHC_6H_5}$	Crystalline; used to identify the carbonyl compound
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP)	2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone	Yellow to orange precipitate: the test for any aldehyde or ketone
Semicarbazide $\mathrm{NH_2NHCONH_2}$	Semicarbazone $\mathrm{R_2C{=}NNHCONH_2}$	Bonds through the NH₂ of the NH–NH₂ end; the product keeps all three N
Primary amine $\mathrm{R'NH_2}$	Imine (Schiff base) $\mathrm{R_2C{=}NR'}$	The C=N carries the amine's R group
Secondary amine $\mathrm{R'_2NH}$	Enamine, C=C–NR′₂	Needs an α-hydrogen on the carbonyl compound

Every entry is addition to C=O followed by loss of water.

Watch out for (6)

A small donor group still slows addition
→ Reactivity towards nucleophilic addition
Aryl ketones are the slowest
→ Reactivity towards nucleophilic addition
HCN addition does not give an amine
→ Cyanohydrins and what they turn into
Racemic, not optically active
→ Cyanohydrins and what they turn into
Acetals survive base because alkoxide leaves badly
→ Acetals, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones and enamines
Which end of semicarbazide bonds
→ Acetals, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones and enamines

Grignard Reagents with Carbonyls and Nitriles

Formulas (2)

Grignard addition to aldehydes, ketones and esters · Grignard addition, then hydrolysis $\mathrm{R'COR'' \xrightarrow{(i)\ RMgX,\ (ii)\ H_3O^+} R'R''C(OH)R} \qquad \mathrm{HCHO} \to 1^\circ,\ \mathrm{R'CHO} \to 2^\circ,\ \text{ketone or ester} \to 3^\circ$
Grignard reagents with nitriles, carbon dioxide and water · One R group only: nitrile to ketone, CO₂ to acid $\mathrm{R'C{\equiv}N \xrightarrow{(i)\ RMgX,\ (ii)\ H_3O^+} R'COR} \qquad \mathrm{RMgX \xrightarrow{(i)\ CO_2,\ (ii)\ H_3O^+} RCOOH}$

Watch out for (4)

Esters take two equivalents, plus one for each acidic H
→ Grignard addition to aldehydes, ketones and esters
A terminal alkyne is an acid to a Grignard
→ Grignard addition to aldehydes, ketones and esters
The ketone appears only after water
→ Grignard reagents with nitriles, carbon dioxide and water
Carbon dioxide adds a carbon
→ Grignard reagents with nitriles, carbon dioxide and water

Reductions: Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner and Hydrides

Reference tables (2)

Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions7 rows

Feature of the substrate	Clemmensen: Zn-Hg, conc. HCl	Wolff–Kishner: NH₂NH₂, KOH, glycol, heat
Aldehyde or ketone C=O	Reduced to $\mathrm{CH_2}$	Reduced to $\mathrm{CH_2}$ , with loss of $\mathrm{N_2}$
Medium	Strongly acidic, aqueous	Strongly basic, about 470 K
Isolated C=C	Unchanged	Unchanged
COOH group	Unchanged	Unchanged (present as the carboxylate until acidified)
3° or benzylic OH	Dehydrated; avoid this method	Unchanged; use this method
C–Cl bond in the chain	Survives the acid; use this method	Substituted or eliminated by hot base; avoid this method
Amide $\mathrm{CONH_2}$	Hydrolysed to COOH by the hot acid	Hydrolysed to the carboxylate by the hot base

Same result on the C=O; the rest of the molecule decides the method.

How far LiAlH₄, NaBH₄ and DIBAL-H reduce each group6 rows

Group	LiAlH₄, then H₃O⁺	NaBH₄	DIBAL-H at low temperature, then H₂O
Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$	$\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$	$\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$	$\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$
Ketone $\mathrm{RCOR'}$	$\mathrm{RCH(OH)R'}$	$\mathrm{RCH(OH)R'}$	$\mathrm{RCH(OH)R'}$
Ester $\mathrm{RCOOR'}$	$\mathrm{RCH_2OH + R'OH}$	No reaction	$\mathrm{RCHO + R'OH}$
Lactone (cyclic ester)	Diol	No reaction	Hydroxy aldehyde (or its lactol)
Nitrile $\mathrm{RC{\equiv}N}$	$\mathrm{RCH_2NH_2}$	No reaction	$\mathrm{RCHO}$
Isolated C=C	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged

NaBH₄ is the selective one; DIBAL-H is the one that stops at the aldehyde.

Watch out for (4)

Neither method stops at the alcohol
→ Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions
Choose the method by what else is in the molecule
→ Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions
NaBH₄ leaves esters, acids and amides alone
→ How far LiAlH₄, NaBH₄ and DIBAL-H reduce each group
DIBAL-H must be cold
→ How far LiAlH₄, NaBH₄ and DIBAL-H reduce each group

Oxidation and Identification Tests

Formulas (1)

The iodoform test and the haloform reaction · Haloform reaction of a methyl ketone $\mathrm{RCOCH_3 + 3I_2 + 4NaOH \to RCOONa + CHI_3\downarrow + 3NaI + 3H_2O}$

Reference tables (1)

Tollens', Fehling's and the 2,4-DNP test6 rows

Test and reagent	Positive sign	Positive for	Negative for
Tollens': $\mathrm{[Ag(NH_3)_2]^+}$ , $\mathrm{OH^-}$	Silver mirror	All aldehydes, aliphatic and aromatic; methanoic acid; α-hydroxy ketones; reducing sugars	Simple ketones; carboxylic acids other than methanoic acid
Fehling's: $\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$ , tartrate, NaOH	Red-brown precipitate of $\mathrm{Cu_2O}$	Aliphatic aldehydes; α-hydroxy ketones such as fructose	Aromatic aldehydes; simple ketones
Benedict's: $\mathrm{Cu^{2+}}$ , citrate, $\mathrm{Na_2CO_3}$	Red-brown precipitate of $\mathrm{Cu_2O}$	Aliphatic aldehydes; α-hydroxy ketones such as fructose	Aromatic aldehydes; simple ketones
2,4-DNP	Yellow, orange or red precipitate	Any aldehyde or ketone	Carboxylic acids, esters, amides, alcohols, ethers
Iodoform: $\mathrm{I_2}$ , NaOH	Yellow precipitate of $\mathrm{CHI_3}$	$\mathrm{CH_3CO{-}}$ on C or H; $\mathrm{CH_3CH(OH){-}}$	Ketones and alcohols without these groups; acetic acid and its esters
$\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$ solution	Effervescence of $\mathrm{CO_2}$	Carboxylic acids; picric acid	Aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, most phenols

Tollens' catches every aldehyde; Fehling's catches only aliphatic ones.

Watch out for (4)

Aromatic aldehydes fail Fehling's but pass Tollens'
→ Tollens', Fehling's and the 2,4-DNP test
2,4-DNP does not separate aldehydes from ketones
→ Tollens', Fehling's and the 2,4-DNP test
Acetic acid and its esters are negative
→ The iodoform test and the haloform reaction
Ethanol and ethanal are the only positives in their classes
→ The iodoform test and the haloform reaction

Enols and Aldol Condensation

Formulas (3)

Acidity of α-hydrogens and enol content · Acidity of the α-hydrogen $\mathrm{RCOCH_2COR > RCOCH_2COOR' > R'OOCCH_2COOR' > RCOCH_3}$
Self-aldol condensation: predicting the product · Aldol addition, then dehydration $\mathrm{2\,RCH_2CHO \xrightarrow{dil.\ OH^-} RCH_2CH(OH)CH(R)CHO \xrightarrow{\Delta,\ -H_2O} RCH_2CH{=}C(R)CHO}$
Intramolecular aldol: which ring closes · Ring size $\text{ring atoms} = \text{enolate carbon to attacked carbonyl carbon, both counted}; \quad 5 \text{ or } 6 \text{ wins}$

Watch out for (6)

The most acidic H sits between two C=O groups
→ Acidity of α-hydrogens and enol content
An ester group helps less than a ketone group
→ Acidity of α-hydrogens and enol content
Number the product from the new chain
→ Self-aldol condensation: predicting the product
No α-hydrogen left, no dehydration
→ Self-aldol condensation: predicting the product
Count atoms in the ring, not bonds
→ Intramolecular aldol: which ring closes
Pick the enolate that makes a five- or six-membered ring
→ Intramolecular aldol: which ring closes

Crossed Aldol and Cannizzaro Reactions

Formulas (2)

Crossed aldol: counting and naming the products · Number of aldol products (ignoring stereoisomers) $N = (\text{partners with an }\alpha\text{-H}) \times (\text{all partners})$
Cannizzaro reaction · Cannizzaro and crossed Cannizzaro $\mathrm{2\,ArCHO \xrightarrow{conc.\ OH^-} ArCOO^- + ArCH_2OH} \qquad \mathrm{HCHO + ArCHO \xrightarrow{conc.\ OH^-} HCOO^- + ArCH_2OH}$

Watch out for (4)

Name each crossed product by which partner is the enolate
→ Crossed aldol: counting and naming the products
A partner with no α-hydrogen is never the enolate
→ Crossed aldol: counting and naming the products
Concentrated alkali, not dilute
→ Cannizzaro reaction
The transferred hydrogen comes from carbon
→ Cannizzaro reaction

Carboxylic Acids: Acidity and Reactions

Formulas (1)

Ranking the strength of carboxylic acids · pKa of some acids (lower pKa, stronger acid) $\mathrm{CF_3COOH}\ (0.23) < \mathrm{CCl_3COOH}\ (0.65) < \mathrm{ClCH_2COOH}\ (2.86) < \mathrm{HCOOH}\ (3.75) < \mathrm{C_6H_5COOH}\ (4.19) < \mathrm{CH_3COOH}\ (4.76)$

Reference tables (2)

Routes that end at a carboxylic acid8 rows

Starting compound	Reagents	Product
1° alcohol $\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$	Alkaline $\mathrm{KMnO_4}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$ ; or Jones reagent	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , same carbons
Aldehyde $\mathrm{RCHO}$	Tollens' reagent, $\mathrm{K_2Cr_2O_7/H^+}$ or bromine water	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , same carbons
Alkylbenzene with a benzylic H	Hot alkaline $\mathrm{KMnO_4}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	Benzoic acid, whatever the chain length
Nitrile $\mathrm{RCN}$	$\mathrm{H_3O^+}$ and heat (or $\mathrm{OH^-}$ , then acid)	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , through the amide $\mathrm{RCONH_2}$
Grignard reagent $\mathrm{RMgX}$	Dry ice $\mathrm{CO_2}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , one carbon more
Methyl ketone $\mathrm{RCOCH_3}$	$\mathrm{I_2}$ and NaOH, then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , one carbon fewer, and $\mathrm{CHI_3}$
1,1,1-Trihalide $\mathrm{RCCl_3}$	Aqueous KOH, then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ , same carbons
Ester, acid chloride or anhydride	Water with acid or alkali, then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	$\mathrm{RCOOH}$ (an ester also gives the alcohol)

Grignard plus CO₂ adds a carbon; the haloform reaction removes one; the rest keep the count.

Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives10 rows

Reagent	Product from RCOOH	Remember
$\mathrm{NaHCO_3}$ solution	$\mathrm{RCOONa + CO_2 + H_2O}$	Effervescence separates acids from phenols
$\mathrm{R'OH}$ , conc. $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ , heat	Ester $\mathrm{RCOOR'}$	Reversible; nucleophilic acyl substitution
$\mathrm{SOCl_2}$ (or $\mathrm{PCl_5}$ , $\mathrm{PCl_3}$ )	Acid chloride $\mathrm{RCOCl}$	With $\mathrm{SOCl_2}$ the by-products $\mathrm{SO_2}$ and HCl are gases
$\mathrm{P_2O_5}$ , heat; or heat alone for a suitable diacid	Anhydride $\mathrm{(RCO)_2O}$	cis-Butenedioic (maleic) acid gives a cyclic anhydride on heating; the trans acid cannot
$\mathrm{NH_3}$ , then heat	Amide $\mathrm{RCONH_2}$	Through the ammonium salt $\mathrm{RCOONH_4}$
$\mathrm{LiAlH_4}$ or $\mathrm{B_2H_6}$ , then $\mathrm{H_3O^+}$	1° alcohol $\mathrm{RCH_2OH}$	$\mathrm{NaBH_4}$ does not reduce COOH
Sodium salt with NaOH and CaO (soda lime), heat	Alkane $\mathrm{RH}$	Decarboxylation: one carbon fewer
Electrolysis of the sodium salt (Kolbe)	Alkane $\mathrm{R{-}R}$	Two R groups join
$\mathrm{X_2}$ and red phosphorus, then water (Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky)	α-Halo acid $\mathrm{RCH(X)COOH}$	Only the α-carbon is halogenated; it needs an α-hydrogen
Conc. $\mathrm{HNO_3}$ and conc. $\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$ (on benzoic acid)	3-Nitrobenzoic acid	COOH is meta-directing and deactivating

The first six change only the COOH group; soda lime and Kolbe remove it; HVZ acts at the α-carbon and nitration on the ring.

Watch out for (6)

Distance weakens the inductive effect
→ Ranking the strength of carboxylic acids
Picric acid behaves like a carboxylic acid with NaHCO₃
→ Ranking the strength of carboxylic acids
Mild hydrolysis of a nitrile stops at the amide
→ Routes that end at a carboxylic acid
Count the carbons
→ Routes that end at a carboxylic acid
HVZ halogenates only the α-carbon
→ Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Soda lime removes a carbon
→ Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives

PYQ weightage by concept

20 concepts · 165 PYQs — where the marks actually sit, so you know what to drill first

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones25 PYQs · 15%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Named routes to aldehydes and ketones	11	7%
Reagents that stop at the aldehyde or ketone	8	5%
Carbonyl compounds from alkynes, gem-dihalides and alkenes	6	4%

Nucleophilic Addition and Carbonyl Derivatives21 PYQs · 13%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Acetals, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones and enamines	9	5%
Cyanohydrins and what they turn into	7	4%
Reactivity towards nucleophilic addition	5	3%

Grignard Reagents with Carbonyls and Nitriles17 PYQs · 10%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Grignard addition to aldehydes, ketones and esters	11	7%
Grignard reagents with nitriles, carbon dioxide and water	6	4%

Reductions: Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner and Hydrides21 PYQs · 13%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions	13	8%
How far LiAlH₄, NaBH₄ and DIBAL-H reduce each group	8	5%

Oxidation and Identification Tests23 PYQs · 14%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Tollens', Fehling's and the 2,4-DNP test	12	7%
The iodoform test and the haloform reaction	11	7%

Enols and Aldol Condensation17 PYQs · 10%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Acidity of α-hydrogens and enol content	6	4%
Self-aldol condensation: predicting the product	6	4%
Intramolecular aldol: which ring closes	5	3%

Crossed Aldol and Cannizzaro Reactions17 PYQs · 10%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Crossed aldol: counting and naming the products	9	5%
Cannizzaro reaction	8	5%

Carboxylic Acids: Acidity and Reactions24 PYQs · 15%

Concept	PYQs	Share
Ranking the strength of carboxylic acids	10	6%
Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives	10	6%
Routes that end at a carboxylic acid	4	2%

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Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nucleophilic Addition and Carbonyl Derivatives

Grignard Reagents with Carbonyls and Nitriles

Reductions: Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner and Hydrides

Oxidation and Identification Tests

Enols and Aldol Condensation

Crossed Aldol and Cannizzaro Reactions

Carboxylic Acids: Acidity and Reactions

Formula & revision sheet

PYQ weightage by concept

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