SPI Biology Notes

Digestive enzymes, breathing and lactic acid, the heart's four chambers, blood clotting, the path of urine, the parts of the brain, neurons and the endocrine glands.

The cell as the unit of life, plant and animal cells, the cell membrane, organelles and their jobs, diffusion and osmosis in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

Photosynthesis and its experiments, stomata and guard cells, Rhizobium in legumes, respiration in seeds, the five plant hormones and the tropisms.

Parts of a flower, bisexual and unisexual flowers, pollination and fertilisation, the human reproductive organs, sex hormones, the ovary's monthly cycle and contraception.

The groups of microbes, saprophytes and parasites, useful microbes, Pasteur, Fleming and Chakrabarty, diseases and their microbes, and the organ each disease attacks.

Biotic and abiotic parts, food chains, trophic levels, pyramids, the ten percent law, biodegradable waste, threatened species categories and migratory birds.

Genes and alleles, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel, Garrod and cloning, theories of evolution, fossils, homologous and analogous organs.

Whittaker's five kingdoms, the ranks from species to kingdom, Euglena and diatoms, the plant groups from algae to flowering plants, and the five vertebrate classes.