Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

158 CBSE Class 12 Biology past-year questions from 5 papers, 2022 to 2026, with answers and worked solutions.

Difficulty: 83 easy · 65 moderate · 10 hard.
Most-asked subtopics: Cloning Vectors and Competent Host (57), Restriction Enzymes (43), Isolation, Cutting and Amplification of DNA (34).
Updated 8 October 2026.

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#6Principles of Biotechnology
For Questions number 13 to 16, two statements are given – one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below.
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Question Nos. 13 to 16 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below :
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For Question numbers 13 to 16, two statements are given – one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from Code (A), (B), (C) and (D) as given below :
#12Principles of Biotechnology
Gene manipulation is a fast emerging science. It started with the development of recombinant DNA molecules. This technology which mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments is based on two most important discoveries in bacteria – presence of plasmid and restriction endonucleases. The science of r-DNA technology took birth when Cohen and Boyer (1973) were able to produce a piece of gene containing foreign DNA introduced into plasmid of E.coli.
#13Principles of Biotechnology
Gene manipulation is a fast emerging science. It started with the development of recombinant DNA molecules. This technology which mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments is based on two most important discoveries in bacteria – presence of plasmid and restriction endonucleases. The science of r-DNA technology took birth when Cohen and Boyer (1973) were able to produce a piece of gene containing foreign DNA introduced into plasmid of E.coli.
#14Principles of Biotechnology
Development of recombinant DNA technology has opened gates to many breakthroughs in the fields of medicine and agriculture. This has enabled scientists to isolate, sequence and manipulate individual genes obtained from diverse living or dead cells. Given below is a diagram showing the basic steps involved in genetically modifying an organism. Study the given diagram and answer the questions that follow :
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Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. In recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes are used as they recognize and cut DNA within a specific recognition sequence. BamH I is one such restriction enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence 5' G-G-A-T-C-C 3' and cleaves this sequence between G and G on each strand, whereas Alu I binds at the recognition sequence 5' A-G-C-T 3' and cleaves these sequences between G and C on each strand. 5' C – C – G – T – A – G – C – T – A – T – C – A – G – C – T – G – G 3' 3' G – G – C – A – T – C – G – A – T – A – G – T – C – G – A – C – C 5'
#36Restriction Enzymes
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. In recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes are used as they recognize and cut DNA within a specific recognition sequence. BamH I is one such restriction enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence 5' G-G-A-T-C-C 3' and cleaves this sequence between G and G on each strand, whereas Alu I binds at the recognition sequence 5' A-G-C-T 3' and cleaves these sequences between G and C on each strand. 5' C – C – G – T – A – G – C – T – A – T – C – A – G – C – T – G – G 3' 3' G – G – C – A – T – C – G – A – T – A – G – T – C – G – A – C – C 5'
#37Restriction Enzymes
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. In recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes are used as they recognize and cut DNA within a specific recognition sequence. BamH I is one such restriction enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence 5' G-G-A-T-C-C 3' and cleaves this sequence between G and G on each strand, whereas Alu I binds at the recognition sequence 5' A-G-C-T 3' and cleaves these sequences between G and C on each strand. 5' C – C – G – T – A – G – C – T – A – T – C – A – G – C – T – G – G 3' 3' G – G – C – A – T – C – G – A – T – A – G – T – C – G – A – C – C 5'
#38Restriction Enzymes
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. In recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes are used as they recognize and cut DNA within a specific recognition sequence. BamH I is one such restriction enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence 5' G-G-A-T-C-C 3' and cleaves this sequence between G and G on each strand, whereas Alu I binds at the recognition sequence 5' A-G-C-T 3' and cleaves these sequences between G and C on each strand. 5' C – C – G – T – A – G – C – T – A – T – C – A – G – C – T – G – G 3' 3' G – G – C – A – T – C – G – A – T – A – G – T – C – G – A – C – C 5'
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Cloning of genes, play a very significant role in genetic engineering, helping the transfer of desirable foreign genes into different hosts. The scientists, to make this process easier and effective are creating engineered vectors in such a way that they help easy linking of foreign DNA and selection of recombinants from non recombinants. 'pBR322' is one such engineered vectors developed by scientists. A diagram of an engineered vector pBR322 is given below :
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Question numbers 13 to 16 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below :
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#46Restriction Enzymes
Gene manipulation is a fast emerging science. It started with the development of recombinant DNA molecules. This technology which mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments is based on two most important discoveries in bacteria – presence of plasmid and restriction endonucleases. The science of r-DNA technology took birth when Cohen and Boyer (1973) were able to produce a piece of gene containing foreign DNA introduced into plasmid of E.coli.
#47Restriction Enzymes
#48Restriction Enzymes
#49Restriction Enzymes
Development of recombinant DNA technology has opened gates to many breakthroughs in the fields of medicine and agriculture. This has enabled scientists to isolate, sequence and manipulate individual genes obtained from diverse living or dead cells. Given below is a diagram showing the basic steps involved in genetically modifying an organism. Study the given diagram and answer the questions that follow :
#50Restriction Enzymes

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